Always Be Closing :: Essays Papers

Always Be ClosingPreceding the Play, David Mamet includes the phrase Always Be Closing, and he titles it a Practical Sales Maxim. In this essay, I will discuss how this philosophy not only applied to the sales attempts of the characters, just how it encompassed their entire approach to life.In the first dialogue of the play, Shelly Levene is speaking to caper Williamson. He tells John, All I am saying, that your wasting leadsAll that Im saying, things cast set, I know they do, you get a mindsetA guy gets a reputationAll Im saying, put a closer on the jobwait a second, put a proven man on the job. Shelly is talk of the town about the fact that the straightforward leads always go to the closers. Shelly does not think this is a fair practice. He believes that everyone could be a closer if only they could get the good leads. In the end of this dialogue he misstates himself and says, put a closer on the job. This statement, which he quickly corrects, shows that Shelly is tryin g to make his past achievements pertinent to the present. He utilise to be a closer but he is not anymore. For Shelly Levene, the phrase, Always be closing, is a reminder of what he used to be. He was on top eight months out of twelve, for three years in a row. He was immersed in his work, and he was the best. Then his streak stop and he fell from his throne. His driving force now is the idea that he can regain his place at the top. If only he could get the good leads, which ironically he cannot, because he isnt a closer. Although it was never stated as such, I got the idea that there was a problem with his lady friend. He kept referring to her, but nothing was ever established as to the role she played in his life. I believe Shelly Levene was willing to sacrifice whatever relationship he had with his daughter in order to continue his quest to be great again.Richard Roma is in the place that Shelly Levene used to occupy. He is on top because he closes the deal. He is, now, involved in a sales promotion to win a Cadillac. He not only will win the Cadillac, he will also win the coveted Glengarry leads.

Sonnet 64 of Spencers Amoretti Essay -- Spencer Amoretti Essays

Sonnet 64 of Spencers Amoretti Poets, in general, are fond of symbolism and figures of speech. Instead of wallowing in the concrete and the obvious, it has always been the purpose of the poet to score ... to aery nothing a local menage and a name. The writers of love poetry are especially fond of imagery, metaphors, and similar devices, comparing their loved ones to such and such an animal or cosmic charget. It is thus of no surprise that 16th century praises employ many figures of speech when elaborating on the finer points of the subject. Spenser, throughout his masterful Amoretti, is especially effective at drawing forth emotions from feelings of despair (employing symbols of storms and lost ships), through to feelings of passion (and symbols of fertility and love, such as flowers), and eventually even transcending mere mortal flesh and glorifying the sensual warmness of his love, Spencers use of symbolism and figures of speech not only remains constant a nd sure, further also make an effective mood and set the proper tone. His 64th sonnet is a fine example of well used symbolism, where his love is compared to a ripe and blooming garden, fantabulous with glorious scents and flowers. More importantly, perhaps, the sonnet also draws from a powerful Biblical background, drawing from the Song of Solomon (4.10-14). After various troubles and desires and challenges, Spenser finally gets a much sought after kiss from his love. And as he draws in towards the womans lips... Me seemd I smelt a gardin of sweet floweres That dainty odours from them threw around For damzels fit to decke their lovers bowres. Her s... ...s Amoretti, and of 16th century literature in general. His use of symbols and of figures of speech not only evokes emotions, but creates the tone for the entire poem. More importantly, however, was his mastery of the form by being one of the true get the hang of his time, he not only gained immortality, he g ained the energy to influence the poets of today, and help them in their quest to impress their friends, their teachers, and most importantly,... their lovers. Sources Cited Spenser, Edmund. Sonnet 64. in Norton Anthology. Ed. M.H. Abrahms. New York Norton, 1993. 735. Shakespeare, William. A Midsummers Night Dream in The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G.B. Evans. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. 242. Solomons Song. in The Holy Bible. New York The World Publishing Company. 587. Sonnet 64 of Spencers Amoretti Essay -- Spencer Amoretti EssaysSonnet 64 of Spencers Amoretti Poets, in general, are fond of symbolism and figures of speech. Instead of wallowing in the concrete and the obvious, it has always been the purpose of the poet to give ... to aery nothing a local habitation and a name. The writers of love poetry are especially fond of imagery, metaphors, and similar devices, comparing their loved ones to such and such an anima l or cosmic event. It is therefore of no surprise that 16th century sonnets employ many figures of speech when elaborating on the finer points of the subject. Spenser, throughout his masterful Amoretti, is especially effective at drawing forth emotions from feelings of despair (employing symbols of storms and lost ships), through to feelings of passion (and symbols of fertility and love, such as flowers), and eventually even transcending mere mortal flesh and glorifying the sensual spirit of his love, Spencers use of symbolism and figures of speech not only remains constant and sure, but also create an effective mood and set the proper tone. His 64th sonnet is a fine example of well used symbolism, where his love is compared to a ripe and blooming garden, resplendent with glorious scents and flowers. More importantly, perhaps, the sonnet also draws from a powerful Biblical background, drawing from the Song of Solomon (4.10-14). After various troubles and desire s and challenges, Spenser finally gets a much desired kiss from his love. And as he draws in towards the womans lips... Me seemd I smelt a gardin of sweet floweres That dainty odours from them threw around For damzels fit to decke their lovers bowres. Her s... ...s Amoretti, and of 16th century literature in general. His use of symbols and of figures of speech not only evokes emotions, but creates the tone for the entire poem. More importantly, however, was his mastery of the form by being one of the true masters of his time, he not only gained immortality, he gained the ability to influence the poets of today, and help them in their quest to impress their friends, their teachers, and most importantly,... their lovers. Sources Cited Spenser, Edmund. Sonnet 64. in Norton Anthology. Ed. M.H. Abrahms. New York Norton, 1993. 735. Shakespeare, William. A Midsummers Night Dream in The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G.B. Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. 242. S olomons Song. in The Holy Bible. New York The World Publishing Company. 587.

Economics: Keynes vs. Hayek Essay -- Keynes vs. Hayek, 2014

The past few years the United States has seen some rough economic times. The unemployment rate is extremely high and many people have lost their homes and businesses. Because there argon so many factors in an economy, it is hard to find the right people to blame. The protest group Occupy Wall Street has come down to the conclusion that corporations are making us poor through taking advantage of us and the governmental system. The share of income going to the top one per centum of Americans has increased dramatically over the past few years and Occupy Wall Street is outraged. They are calling for increased governmental regulation so that the lower quintile Americans can gain some equality (Cesca). I wonder who is actually at fault. Is it actually this top one percent who have been painful sensation us or some other factor? Maybe the government has created the problem.A good way to approach it is to take a step stake and look at the philosophy of economics. From learning about cla ssical economic theory, modern dilemmas, specifically Occupy Wall Street, may be easier to solve. There are two main theories on economics and how a society should run. The classical theory is that of the British economist, John Maynard Keynes. The other, less popular theory is from the Austrian economist, Friedrich high-flown Hayek. These two highly respected economists did most of their important work in the mid-20thcentury. (Cochran and Glahe 69).John Maynard Keynes classical approach to economics and the business cycle has dominated society, peculiarly the United States. His idea was that government intervention was necessary in a properly functioning economy. One economic author, John Edward King, claimed of the theory thatKeynes believed tha... ...itical Economy26.1 (1994) 69-94. Print.Papola, John. urge of the Century Keynes vs. Hayek Round Two YouTube.YouTube Broadcast Yourself.Web. 29 Oct. 2011.Friedman, Milton.Capitalism and Freedom.Chicago University of Chicago, 196 2. PrintKing, J. E. Keynes and Psychology.Economic Papers A Journal of Applied Economics and constitution29.1 (2010) 1-12. Print.Maiello, Michael. Keynes vs. Hayek Debate Rages With OWS and Tea Party.The DailyBeast. 29 Oct. 2011. Web. 06 Nov. 2011Roberts, Russ. Occupy Wall Street and Washingtons History of Financial Bailouts Foreign Affairs.Home Foreign Affairs. 21 Oct. 2011. Web. 06 Nov. 2011.Rosenberg, Alex. Rosenberg on the Nature of Economics. Interview. Audio blogpost.EconTalk. ITunes, 26 Sept. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2011.

A Critical Evaluation of Assisi by Norman MacCaig Essay -- Assisi Norm

A Critical Evaluation of AssisiQ Choose a poem in which the poet has put across a explicitpoint of impression. By close reference to the poetic techniques used, showhow successful the poet has been in making you parting his/ her point ofview.Assisi by Norman MacCaig is an intriguing and challengingpoem, which has put across a definite point of view to me which Ibelieve is that all deal should be treated equally and we should tryto champion those less fortunate than ourselves. In this essay I willshow how successful the poet has been in making me share his point ofview, with the help of literary techniques much(prenominal) as language, word choice and imagery.Norman MacCaig has put across a definite point of view for me and hasbeen successful in making me share this view by using thoughtful andintense language. The first aspect of language, which he uses ismetaphor in the beginning of the poem when he is describing the dwarfsitting orthogonal the church. He uses metaphor as he says,The dwarf with his hands on backwardsSat, slumped like a half fill sackOn precise twisted legs from whichSawdust might run.The metaphor here of the dwarf sitting like a half filled sack isdescribing the dwarf and how he has a distorted body. He is beingcompared to looking like a sack, which is slumped and half empty. This is effective as it seems as though the dwarf cannot help himselfand he is sitting in that respect waiting for help. MacCaig tells us that he isa dwarf therefore he will be very short and hands on backwards andfiddling twisted legs portrays his deformity as I can envisage his legsdangling from his body. Also as he is sitting like a half filledsack it seems to me that he cannot do an... ...ered after him as he scatteredThe grain of the Word.This shows me MacCaig is comparing the tourists to the birds and thePriest to the sower. He does not approve of the actions as it iscompared to the fable of the sower of when he scatters the grain andthe birds flutter after it. He does not approve of the touristsfluttering after the word and ignoring the poor dwarf, when in actualfact they should be helping him. In conclusion, Assisi by Norman MacCaig is an intriguing andthough-provoking poem, which has put across a definite point of viewfor me, which I believe is that all people should be treated equallyand that we should help those less fortunate than ourselves. In thisI essay I have shown how successful the poet was in making me sharethis view by using his thoughtful and intense language, word-choiceand imagery techniques.

David Burns Feeling Good: Depression :: essays research papers

David Burns signature Good Depression     In the book Feeling Good , David Burns, MD, the author, outlinescertain cognitive techniques an individual suffering from economic crisis could usein combating the upset. He begins the book by briefly describing thepertinence and the prevalence of first. The author captures the audiencesattention in the first gear paragraph " In fact depression is so widespread it isconsidered the common cold of psychiatric disturbances" (Burns, 1992) p. 9.Burns(1992), continues to suggest that the difference between the common coldand depression lies in the fact that depression is lethal. Irwing and BarbaraSerason (1996) suggest that at least 90 percent of all suicide victims sufferfrom a diagnosable psychiatric disorder at the time of their death. Irwing andBarbara Serason (1996) also state that one of the risk factors in committingsuicide is the presence of mood disorder. Silverman (1993) states that suicideamong young peo ple 15 to 19 years of age has increased by 30 percent from theyears 1980 to 1990.     In my opinion David Burns brings up a valid issue in addressing thepertinence of depression as it pertains to peoples tendencies of committing asuicide other academics realize agreed with the same findings. However theseacademics have not specifically stated that depression is the only risk factorof committing a suicide. They did not even suggest that depression is theheighest weighted risk factor in committing a suicide. The impression the subscriber gets after reading the introductory paragraph of the Feeling Good book isthat severe depression will inevitably result in suicide unless it is cured.Implying that if a person has a depressive disorder, it will lead to a suicidecan be dangerous and counterproductive for a person who already feels hopelessthis may reaffirm their belief of hopelessness and the inevitability of thedisorder.     Once the first para graph is passed the author indicates that there ishope in curing depression, giving the reader an cost increase to continue withthe book.     According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders(DSM-IV), mood disorders are sort into deuce broad categories,bipolar and unipolar depressive disorders. The book Feeling Good only talksabout the unipolar depressive disorders, thus, I will only concentrate on thatone category. Unipolar mood disorders are classified under axis I of the DSM-IV.Unipolar depressive disorders are further classified into two categoriesdysthymic, and major depressive disorder. Even though both of the disorders aremood disorders they have some fundamental differences and similarities.According to DSM-IV people experiencing major depression must have depressedmoods and/or diminished interest for at least two weeks, for most of the day,

David Burns Feeling Good: Depression :: essays research papers

David Burns Feeling beneficial Depression     In the book Feeling Good , David Burns, MD, the author, outlinescertain cognitive techniques an separate suffering from depression could usein combating the disorder. He begins the book by briefly describing the applicability and the prevalence of depression. The author captures the audiencesattention in the first dissever " In fact depression is so widespread it isconsidered the common cold of psychiatric disturbances" (Burns, 1992) p. 9.Burns(1992), bides to suggest that the difference between the common coldand depression lies in the fact that depression is lethal. Irwing and BarbaraSerason (1996) suggest that at least 90 percent of all suicide victims sufferfrom a diagnosable psychiatric disorder at the time of their death. Irwing andBarbara Serason (1996) also state that one of the risk factors in committingsuicide is the presence of mood disorder. Silverman (1993) states that suicideamong young peopl e 15 to 19 eld of age has increased by 30 percent from theyears 1980 to 1990.     In my opinion David Burns brings up a valid issue in addressing thepertinence of depression as it pertains to peoples tendencies of committing asuicide other academics have agreed with the same findings. However theseacademics have not specifically stated that depression is the scarcely risk factorof committing a suicide. They did not even suggest that depression is theheighest weighted risk factor in committing a suicide. The impression thereader gets later on reading the introductory paragraph of the Feeling Good book isthat severe depression will inevitably result in suicide unless it is cured.Implying that if a individual has a depressive disorder, it will lead to a suicidecan be dangerous and counterproductive for a person who already feels hopelessthis may reaffirm their belief of hopelessness and the inevitability of thedisorder.     Once the first par agraph is passed the author indicates that there ishope in curing depression, giving the reader an encouragement to continue withthe book.     According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders(DSM-IV), mood disorders are classified into two broad categories,bipolar and unipolar depressive disorders. The book Feeling Good only talksabout the unipolar depressive disorders, thus, I will only concentrate on thatone category. Unipolar mood disorders are classified chthonian axis I of the DSM-IV.Unipolar depressive disorders are further classified into two categoriesdysthymic, and major depressive disorder. Even though both of the disorders aremood disorders they have whatsoever fundamental differences and similarities.According to DSM-IV people experiencing major depression must have depressedmoods and/or diminished interest for at least two weeks, for well-nigh of the day,

Labor and the Grievance Process

The history of the grievance process in American history is a lengthy one as it saw its initial origins in the very first labor movements of the 19th century. The growth of organized labor continued for many decades beholding a great deal of its power strengthened during the ahead of time Twentieth century as socialist and anarchist groups greatly empowered and organized the movement. With the increment of the sedulousness Relations Board under the New Deal era of the 1930s, organized labor saw its power solidified in the United States until its ultimate decline in the latter half of the 20th century, a steep decline that continues to this very day.The Grievance Procedure, really got a toe hold during universe of dis word form War ll, when the War Labor Board was developed for the purpose of keeping steady employment, minus the threat and practice of strikes, for the purpose of keeping productivity at a peak during the war effort.It was during these years the Grievance Procedu re reached its real recognition as means of preventing strikes and at the same time giving the prole an opportunity to air his differences with the employer. Remember back then Rosie the Riviter, had no say in the matter Since the years of World War ll, the Grievance Procedure of inharmonious differences have become nationally recognized method of dealing with labor problems. (Parsons)Rules of employment are meant to be admireed by both the employee and management. Management pull up stakes have certain standards and requirements in order for an employee to remain employed and, conversely, an employee who is part of a collective bargaining unit has the right to expect that management honor the bargaining agreement.When there is an obvious and material breach of the bargaining contract, then it is well within the rights of the employee to file a grievance. The very nature of the fact that the employee has filed a grievance means that at about point there has been acommunication breakdown between management and employee. Furthermore, there must be some legitimate basis for the grievance in order for the union to take up the cause.Many grievances are won or lost in the early stages of the grievance procedure. The steward must understand how the arbitration process works and what is needed to succeed if a grievance goes all the way to a hearing. proper(ip) preparation will result in a higher winning percentage and prepare presenting the grievance in the arbitration hearing much easier.This course is designed for those who have completed Grievance Handling and/or Steward Training. Topics include endorse and proof in arbitration the rules of evidence gathering and organizing evidence case analysis and settlement consideration anatomy of the arbitration hearing the seven tests of just cause and how to judge whether the arbitrators decision runs counter to the purposes of the National Labor Relations Act (Kretchsmar)That is to say, to grieve without a violatio n of the bargaining contract will render the grievance useless and, ultimately, dismissed. This is why unions are careful to make sure that an actual breach has occurred before pressing forth with a grievance complaint.Now, as to whether or not the grievance procedure is workable or not, this depends on the individuals who are involved. If either management or the union are very stubborn and are prone to interpret the law as the encounter fit or willfully participate in unfair labor practices, then the entire grievance procedure will be undermined by the clunky actions of the individuals who are taking part in the process.In a way, the grievance process as it relates to labor in the United States is both a simple-minded and complex issue that can be viewed by various facets. If one were to judge whether or not the overall scope of the grievance process has been successful, the answer would be yes as the United States has produced some incredible private sector success stories th at involved helped from organized labor.BibliographyBadger, John. The New Deal The Depression Years. Chicago Ivan R Dee Publishing,2002.Kretchsmar, John. (2006) Labor Workshops. Retrieved 11 February 2007.http//www.unomaha.edu/wbils/labor2.htmlParsons, Tony. (1999) Defending Worker Rights. Retrieved 11 February 2007.

Internet and Information Essay

Having quick access to information can make life quite easy I say this, because non either information you find on digital media sources can be trusted. The one way you can assess the value of the information is to perform research on the information offered or cross-reference the information you find. Since anyone can post anything on the Internet, it is best to identify the author and research the authors credentials. This week I was researching information on the Internet about the digital award. The search pulled up to a greater extent than 50 pages of electronic network associate multiplied by 13 web links per page.Most of the populated information, was outdated, not that out dated information is not useful however, I was able to find 10 web links that were dated recently enough for me to use. Over the years, I have become more literate regarding digital media and been able to distinguish the difference between blog, rebuke room, substantive and opinionated sites. Understa nding how to identify bias statements and identify the facts as it relates, is one way to look at the information provided with a critical eye. rough websites the author, tries to influence their readers by taking a bias approach to persuade the readers thoughts on a particular subject, in these instances you are not receiving a balanced viewpoint, however this is not always bad, especially when it comes to researching on personal viewpoints. Understanding the reliability and credibility of information might be as simple as knowing the domain. Domains can clue you in on the type of information and where the information originated.For instance, if I am looking for information on taxes, I would find correct answers on IRS. gov instead of IRS. com. It is safe to assume that IRS. gov is a reliable website as the government is the creator, on the other hand, IRS. com shows me similar information, however, it contains advertisements and a direct link to the IRS officials website. Although both websites look familiar and offer alike information I find it better to get the answers solid from the horses mouth.To find and tilize the information, I need to use a critical eye and cross-reference the information found. Another instance is watching the distinct news stations on TV and understanding the affiliation they may have with other TV stations. For example, I may be watching a national news program MSNBC stocks banner, which mentions how Comcasts stocks are on the rise this might be to persuade viewers to invest in their stock however, I am also aware that Comcast recently purchased NBC and its affiliated stations.Now that I understand the possible bias approach, I am more inclined to research the fact prior to purchase their stock. The next time you walk into your local food store, view the snips and newspapers. You should already be aware of the tabloids that reach out a reader inaccurate information and normally lack the authors bio or credentials. The Interne t can be like a magazine stand Because of net neutrality, the lack of restrictions enables anyone to upload any kind of information, whether is true or false. We find ourselves arguing the two extremesOn one hand if a private enterprise wants to control the Internet, we would find that information would be shared for a price which limits give up speech, however, if we allow the government to control what is shared on the Internet we may be left with what the government finds deem able. Both extremes limit our freedom when it comes to the Internet As to your last question concerning the digital divide it means the possible action between those who have access to this media and those who do not. This divide affects many Americans whom either have no access to digital and media social websites or chooses not to have any involvement with it.They lack the basic understanding of digital media, and/or how to utilize the information. To bridge the gap, we have already started by providing free Internet access in our schools and libraries. This would allow for people with limited resources to become media literate. I believe that this free service can help bridge the gap to help the illiterate understand the differences between facts vs. propaganda. Because of the misuse on the Internet and the increased marketing from companies, I would find these classes useful for those with limited understanding of the Internet.

AlfredHitchcock, Essay

Final Paper Mamet and Hitchcocks Suspenseful Similarities composition examine the films Strangers on a Train, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and The Spanish Prisoner directed by David Mamet, two suspenseful mysteries unfold. In this essay I will compare both film directors use of themes, tones, and camera effects to convey the thrilling story of a confused and tortured protagonist. While they are different plotlines, both stories overlap in legion(predicate) ways. Perhaps Mamet may have even made an homage to Hitchcocks Strangers on a Train by mirroring various scenes and themes in The Spanish Prisoner.Strangers on a Train is the story of two strangers that meet on a train, merely it is hardly that simple. One a tennis star, make fun Haines, and the other, a wealthy psychopath Bruno Anthony. Bruno proposes a scheme to Guy to erase someone the other person wants to dispose of, a criss-cross. Unknowingly, Guy agrees to kill Brunos enemy and vice versa. Bruno kills Guys wife that he had been trying to divorce, and expects Guy to kill his father. They get mixed up in a cat a dog chase of murder and confusion, which ended with Brunos death and Guy marrying the women he loved, Anne Morton.The Spanish Prisoner is titled from a con game that traps a mark into turning over thousands of dollars to scam artists. David Mamet character Joe Ross is a math genius that devised a process that will piss his company billions of dollars. The process is the maguffin (a typical trait of Hitchcock) we never find out what the process is, only that rival Japanese corporations will do anything to steal it. Joe Ross ends up happily ever after similarly to Guy Haines. some(prenominal) stories reflect one another in multiple ways.One is that Bruno the sympathetic villain in Hitchcocks Strangers on a Train that we love and hate is very similar to that of Julian Jimmy Dell who elaborately tried to steal the process. We formulate relationships with Jimmy Dell and with Bruno Anthony t hey are both the catalyst of all bad that comes to the protagonist, yet each director makes them appealing and loveable. Both plotlines are obviously different, entirely Joe Ross is a similar reflection of Hitchcocks creation of Guy Haines as considerably. Both men are mixed up in what they thought were abbreviated encounters with ice or eccentric strangers. Yet both men get fooled along the way and get entangled in a web of lies, murder, and deceit. Mamet mirrors Hitchcock plot line in various ways throughout the films with character similarities again and again. On the plane ride back to the States, Susan asks Joe the films signature question Who in the world is what they search? In this scene, instead of a train they are on an airplane, and instead of Bruno asking Guy a question, it is Susan to Joe. Inevitably they are the corresponding.Susan endows surmise and a motive to do something out of character, much like Brunos question to Anthony, My theory is that everybody is a potential murderer. Didnt you ever want to kill somebody? Say one of those useless fellows Miriam was running approximately with? Each character is stricken with a striking comment that unravels the rest of their fate. In the same scene in the airplane Joe responds to Susan by retreating to the planes bathroom to unwrap Dells gift, which turns out to be a first sport of Budge on Tennis. The tennis theme is another similarity echoed in Strangers on a Train.Guy Haines is a pro tennis player and many of the scenes have imagery of tennis. Metaphorically it could represent the mental express of characters or plot, the back and forth of sense and logic. Later when Joe is trying to meet up with lawyers to plow the process in Central Park, he goes onto a carousel. Mamet does no mistake by copying Hitchcocks carousel tool as a dizzying climactic point. The spinning of the carousel signifies the mental state of both protagonists at the time. Each is on the verge of a breakdown, not know ing who to trust or what to do next.Camera angles enhance the scene in Hitchcocks version because he uses high angle shots and differential focus on the faces of the patrons riding the carousel enchantment the background spins quickly it creates a highly suspenseful and memorable scene. Hitchcock also used that little carnie man who crawled under the moving carousel, I was in confusion of the camera angles throughout this scene, it made me hold my breath. The scene from The Spanish Prisoner where Joe was in the carousel was not as thrilling, the tone was different, he just walked around it slowly.The tones of the two scenes are like night and day. Hitchcocks is loud and scary, while Mamets is eerily quiet and somber. Thematically they both explain the mental state of the protagonist, but Hitchcocks tone is intense, fast paced, and surreal at times, while Mamets tone is cerebral and realistic. Not only are the characters, the themes, and elements comparatively similar, but also man y of Hitchcocks trademarks are found in both movies. One is the falsely accused man. This is present in Guy Haines, as well as in Joe Ross. Each protagonist is being chased for a crime they didnt commit.It is a classic trait of suspense thrillers and is defiantly a major part of each film. The second trait is the guilty woman. This is present in Susan in Spanish Prisoner, and in Miriam in Strangers on a Train. Both directors convey police as idiotic throughout the movie as well, which is another Hitchcock trait. The final element is the pathological deviant. This is present in Bruno Anthony and in Julian Jimmy Dell. This is the figure that spun the web of lies and created a trustworthy bond while in reality being completely crazed for a purpose that is unattainable.While both movies are similar in their theme, tone, characters, and director traits, they also vary in ways that make them unique. Both the stories are well conveyed due to the directors clear point of view. One was refer encing the other, both were gripping and suspenseful tales of an innocent man trying to fix a problem that they cant seem to solve. Mamets mirroring of Hitchcock was done well, but Hitchcocks surrealistic shots and character like the carnie make it more interesting and compelling of a movie to me.

Business Law Assignment

MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF SINGAPORE IN COLLABORATION WITH UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD DIPLOMA IN assembly line MANAGEMENT BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT Presented by nominate FIN/IC Number Participation Marks Awarded Gerry Vicentius Sajuti G1180480U Diana Ong Cabillan G5304258P Cecillia Satryo G1188819X ANALYSIS /40% RESEARCH /30% ORGANIZATION /15% PRESENTATION /15% Date of Submission 16 OCTOBER 2012 Name of Lecturer DANIEL THEYAGU DECLARATION This is to declare that this is our original work and we feature not plagiarise whatsoever information from any other works.We understand that plagiarism is a serious issue and if found guilty our work impart be rejected and possible we will be barred from the examination. We have verified all information given and have effectively referenced the sources. If after start it is found that our work is not original we stand a chance of having our Diploma revoked by the institution concern. Name Gerry Vicentius Sajuti Signature ______________ _____ Name Diana Ong Cabillan Signature ___________________ Name Cecillia SatryoSignature ____________________ CONTENTS PAGE QUESTION ONE DIAGRAM OF SINGAPORE COURT STRUCTURESUB-ORDINATE COURT OF SINGAPORE * One of the two tiers in judicial system system of capital of Singapore * in that respect are 15 various of subordinate courts. HIGH COURT OF SINGAPORE * consists of the chief moreoverice of Singapore and the judges of the mellow court * exercises supervisory and revisionary jurisdiction * bound by endings of the court of appeal SUPREME COURT * two tiers of the court system in Singapore * consists of the court of appeal and the high court COURT OF APPEAL OF SINGAPORE * Its court of final appeal * consists chief justice of singapore * The seat called supreme court building appellate jurisdiction in civil and whitlow matters under the principle of stare decisis court appeal are binding on the high court sub-ordinate court Essay on Question One A 15 years old teenager will b e convicted in some minor chemises notwithstanding of his reasoning. In the classic situation,in which the police first obtain a confession,discover some other evidence,while in the contrast all the decision will be wager on the judge of the court. Sometimes to prevent unfairness and hold the consistency,judges will use stare decisis which are bounded by higher courts decision search on the similarity of cases situation.If the young teenager case get the same situation as previous case,it has a big possibilty for the judge to give the same decisions. brutal and Civil Jurisdiction of the judicature of Appeal In Singapore,the highest court is the courtyard of Appeal that only implements the appellate jurisdiction in civil and distressing matters. In civil it usually begins from the High philander. You cornerstone have an appeal when the High lawcourt judge is on leave,or when the amount or value of the cases is on a lower floor $25,000. The Court should only accept evidenc e that was passed by the court below however refreshed evidence should pass by on special ground.When it comes to felonious matters,the Court of Appeal cannot hear an appeal when the orders were already make by the High Court from the Subordinate Court except when it exercise original criminal jurisdiction in the latter part. When the High court already made a decision to a convicted mortal,the Court of Appeal may permit the person to have an appeal if it believes that it has a reason able doubt and the sentence should be reduced. Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of the High Court In Singapore,the High Court is the lower division of Supreme Court that implements the appellate and original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters.The high court has power in any written law relating to divorce,bankruptcy and matters of admiralty. In implementing appellate civil jurisdiction the hearing should come from the District Courts,Magistrates Courts and other tribunal. When it comes to pe rmitting for an appeal,it should be approved by one of the Court in a higher place where the amount does not exceed $50,000. In appellate criminal jurisdiction, the criminal cases came from the District and Magistrates Courts. The High Court will not overturn the understanding that has been made unless the law is wrong or circumstances are inadequate.In this situation the Court should follow some orders like reversing the decision or enhancing the sentenced that was given and the rest. The jurisdiction of the various divisions of court in the Subordinate circuit Subordinate court is one of the two tiers in court system of singapore beside of supreme court. thither are 15 various of subordinate courts. Community Court To prevent and reduce the incidence of crimes and to ensure that those suspected,accused or convicted of crimes is the goal of Community Court. Cases that has been settle by community court e. g. ike selected offenders with mental disorders,family violence cases,those below 21 years accused of theft, and etc. Family Court Family court is legalised on 1st march 1995,which is contributed in settle family-related disputes. Family court is now unified court,dealing with all family proceeding in Singapore,Philosophy of the Family Court is to strenghten family ties and preserved. Coroners Court Coroners Court carried out for a sudden death such(prenominal) as accidents on the highway,in a jail cell,and suicide. Basicly,the Crime Forensic team analyze the death body of victim and report the result to the court.Later,the trial judges decision will result in the stated cause of death are pure death, by accident, or open to further investigation. Neighborhood Court treatment for cases occurring within family dealt by Neigborhood Court. The cases overcompensated include family violence,disputes within the scope of the community,attempted suicide,law violations even animal cruelty. Traffic Court On the highway frequently found violations caused user sli ght from the mere breach of signs to accidents causing casualties that is handled by the Singapore Traffic Court after receiving reports of violations.The violations include drunk driving or traffic violations by the shoot Transport Authority or the traffic police declared in that location was no other way that can be taken for that incident. Night Court Offenders who are employee so they can attend the hearing after working hours,Singapore has Night Court for that reason. The court was held on week daylights beginning at 6 pm. There are two division of night court,Court 26N for issue noticed by governments departments and Court 25N for traffic violation. Bail CourtLiterally bail is a guarantee on a case,so that a case can be suspended with pay administration with a certain amount of money. In the bail court the defendant have to pay a sum of money that will go into the cash bail with respect to certain conditions and by the affirm of the Chamber Magistrate,the defendant can be r eleased. Juvenile Court The Juvenile Court only assumes jurisdiction over children below 14 and young person between 14 until 16 years old. So the offender of the case must below 16 years old when h/she is first charged in the Juvenile Court.If its above of it Juvenile Court will relinquishes its jurisdiction. Mentions Court There are two division of Criminal Mentions Court one deal with District kibosh Cases(DACs) and Magistrates Arrest Cases(MACs). Mention Court usually get ready for prosecution to charge an accused person,no longer than 2 days after his arrest and remand. Filter Court Filter Court as know as holding court which filter cases into other trial court. Beside deal with disposal enquiries,it as well deal to the highest degree night court cases where the accussed person claimed trial and some minor cases that require up to a day trial.Civil Court Most of civil court defendant got in truth welld instead of jail. Lawsuit that hold by civil court include a range of are as e. g. for landlord-tenant conflicts,credit card payment disputes,breach of contract for accidental compensation disputes etc centralized Sentencing Court By some specified cases,The judge will sentence the offender has plead guilty. District Court The penalty of district court may be imprisonment of not more than 7 years,a fine of approximately $ 10,000 flogging up to 12 strokes, or reformative training.District court also handle other cases such as misuse of drug,corruption, phoner,and security industry. Magistrate Court Court that handling case that punishment less than cases in district court,called Magistrate Court. It handling the case that the sentence less than 3 years. The sentences can be prisoned for no more than 2 years,fine less than $2,000,caning up to 3 strokes. This court also have sanction to handle common gaming house,film,miscellaneous offence cases. Criminal Court Penalty of criminal court may be include both jail and fine for a sum of amount.Cases that handl e by criminal court e. g. for corruption,immigration,employment of illegal foreign worker etc QUESTION TWO BUSINESS ENTERPRISE FEATURES ESSAY bureau 2 PROCESS AND PROCEDURE Step1 Company Formation Before were going to register our ac community,first of all we must have a family formation. Company use up a lay down that belongs to their trade sign that belongs to themselves, the name must be approve before incorporation of company in Singapore occur. Beside of it,we contract to discharge for directors,shareholders,secretary,paid-up capital,registered address and taxation Step2 Name ApprovalTo set up a company,it must be approved first by filling the application with company registrar. primarily company name is being rejected/approval notification through and through in less than 1 hour unless it got some similarity with other registered name. To trade name this step faster at least you must not have identical name to any existing name of company,doesnt infringe with any trad emark,is not obscene or vulgar,is not already reserved. An approved name will be reserved 60 days from the date of application. Step3 Singapore Company adjustmentOnce the name has been approved,approval from company registrar will also be approved in few hours assuming that incorporation documents are ready and have been signed by the directors and shareholders of the company. Some cases will delay the incorporation procedure if the director or shareholder of the company come from certain nationalities,but it seldom happen. In such case,authorities will ask for some additional question. For a private limited company need to pay S$ 300 for registration fee. Step4 Goods and Service Tax Registration GST tax is also known as Value Added Tax (VAT) or Sales tax.If you company is GST registered,you need to charged for 7% to your customer from the price of goods and function you provide and in turn this amount to authority. GST registration is not mandatory if your companys annual turnove r does not exceed S$1 million. Step5 Singapore Business Licenses You need to obtain a business license or not is depend on your company activities after you have make up your company but before you can commence your business operations. There are few business need to obtain the licenses e. g. for travel agencies,financial services, import/ merchandise of goods and restaurants Step6 Registration Document IssuesThe company registrar will send an official e-mail confirming the incorporation company that include company registration image and certificate of it. It will be charged for S$50 for getting the hard copy at the following day (hardcopy is not being issued in singapore) A business profile of the company can be obtained from the Company Registrar by making a request online and paying a teensy-weensy application fee. Generally, the document (a PDF file) is available for download within an hour of the request and contains company name,registration number,incorporation date,princ ipal activities etc Step7 Annual file requirements for Singapore companiesThe Companies Act dictates certain annual filing requirements and formalities, once your company has been incorporated. ESSAY PART THREE Manufacturing food and beverages is one of the everlasting business that can be do by some entrepreneur. It is really difficult to a food and beverages company become bankrupt,because ein truthday people need any kind of food and drink,for their meal or just for sharpness time,thats what makes the company continues to manufacture their products regularly, without fear that the products not sold or foul.The important things to start this kind of company and compete with its competitors in the same field is just the innovation that the company can give to their products that can attract consumer to buy their product. Private Limited Company become the better choice for this kind of business,because in Private Limited Company,they just have less than 20 share holders in compan y, even usually only about 3-5 people so as not to split a lot of the number of shares, because it will have an impact on the amount of dividen to be gained per person.This form of business make the company easy to develop,because not many hands meddling in the decision-making problems. In the other hand,the profit that company can gain from food and beverages is very high,because the stinging materials for food is very cheap and the price could soar exponentially when the raw material is processed so attractive that has marketability. Indeed, the pattern of this kind of business, the cost of the company set up is very big, because we need each cost for land, raw materials, and to employ the employee.However this is the essence of this kind of business itself, each shareholder in the company is required to use existing capital as well as possible with the expectation that the future will gain more trade which in business terms is the return on investment. Therefore, when we talk ab out the profits, with such a large, the dividends to be gained would be very big for each shareholder. Moreover,for the developing of company, very easy to use the money from the profits earned for research, product development, adding new areas of business.Entirely it depend on how the shareholders meeting decided to pay dividends to shareholders or hold it and include as cash for capital expenditure. For the management area, with less number of individuals who join in the shareholder, make it easier for companies to work professionally, because often when many shareholders -the personal shareholders, not through the stock market- which mostly are entrepreneurs, trying to put those beliefs on the board of directors or corporate staff . Sometimes it makes management of work not in accordance with the directives f the shareholders meeting, but rather subject to the people who put them in that position, so that the special interests are often saddled to the person. It was the worst c asualty of many businessmen who joined in management Related to the law, all things relating to the companys very easy to handle. Company is a legal entity. With regard to the loss suffered by the company, if the company suffered a loss, then the bear is not a personal, but overall the company was sentenced to, for example experiencing bankruptcy.The company also will not pause operating when one of its shareholders resign or died, because by law, it will be inherited by the heir or other appropriate policy decisions made together. In addition, the form of a company like this, we can easily develop food and beverage products at once with just one company name that in there will be divided into several divisions related, so it does not need a lot of company name to shed light on each of our products. MISLEADING QUESTION THREE This advertising is misleading because it cant immediately delete or heals a skin problem by one treatment, it has steps to be followed.Aside from it, they o ffer the iPhone 5 if they go to the clinic to make the consultation and treatment that can only be avail by new customers with skin problems. They also wrote term and conditions require to get free treatment in small size below of the advertisement. UNILATERAL conjure UNILATERAL OFFER This advertisement include in Unilateral Offer because they clearly detached all the information about the stuff they sell include the fixed price with seen able size in the red shape without further bargaining needed.Beside of it, everything priced to clear means the price fixed until out of stock in 4 days from the day newspaper published. They even stated all the places we can find courts to buy those stuff without term and condition required for everyone. Invitation to offer Invitation to Offer This is an invitation to treat advertisement,because this advertisement is not clear. They just give the rate price for each destination,and the price also started with word from that mean the price is not the fix price and need further negotiation with the customer to meet the agreement for the price that benefit each other.They also dont give the due date of the promo,so it very uncertain and customer need to check it periodically. QUESTION THREE PART THREE ADVERTISEMENT OF TRUE OFFER FOR SALE SECONDHAND BAKERY OVEN For S$1500/ not negotiable Age 5 months old Colour Silver For those who are interested you can call me at this number 85986051 Or via email at emailprotected com This is an advertisement called unilateral offer means anyone can buy this bakery oven. One reason why this is a true offer is, the inclination of the party is clear and its stated there the information about the oven like the age, and colour in the price of S$1500.Aside from this, it also stated there that the price of the oven is not negotiable. ADVERTISEMENT OF INVITATION TO TREAT DOradora Pte. Ltd Jurong point 01-16 tel. 63970989 ipod case Fr $12 cup cake Fr $3 cake Fr $39 Hurry come and grab all about dor aemon start Fr $3 Fr $399 This advertisement belongs to invitation to treat because it dont stated clearly whats the specific of calculating machine stuff they sell and they also invite us to buy their thing with the price that needed for further bargaining (not fix yet),it attached for word from. non all commercial there for $3, it means for the cheapest thing like doraemon cupcake start from $3.REFERENCE http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore http//app. subcourts. gov. sg/subcourts/page. aspx? pageid=53865 http//app. supremecourt. gov. sg/default. aspx? pgID=43 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_SingaporeAppellate_civil_jurisdiction http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_SingaporeRanking http//app. subcourts. gov. sg/Data/Files/File/InforBooklet_Brochures/Brochure_Crime_CommCt. pdf Introduction to Business Law in Singapore Ravi Chandran Singapore Business Law 2nd ed. Benny S Tabalujan http//www. acra. gov. sg INDIVIDUAL GROUP MEMBER CONTRIB UTION PART I PART II PART IIIGERRY VICENTIUS SAJUTI * Diagram * Subordinate Court * Diagram of features * Diagram of disadvantages advantages * Explanation of the business enterprise * Invitation to Treat advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement DIANA ONG CABILLAN * Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of Court Appeal * Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of High Court * Disadvantages and Advantages * Diagram of the process and procedure of business * Misleading ad * Explanation of the advertisement * Create and Explaination of own example of real Offer CECILLIA SATRYO * Diagram * Subordinate Court * Features * Essay of process and procedure of business * True Offer advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement * Create and Explanation of own example of Invitation to Treat ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our heartiest gratitude and respect to our lecturer,Mr. Daniel Theyagu for his attractive class lecture and laboursaving manner to guide us in improving our submitted assignment. We are also thankful to those who help us while doing the assignment We think that GOD assist THOSE WHO HELPS THEMSELVES As we see this sentence is very smalll but it has a very vast meaning. It means that when a person help himself then God also support him for doing the work. We would like to dedicate this assignment to our parents and lecturer and to those entire people who supported us do this assignment.

Lady Macbeth and Lady Macduff Essay

Shakespe be cleverly realises sorrow for Lady Macbeth and Lady Macduff through various techniques such as order of their scenes, their company on stage and most importantly by their circumstances. In the case of Lady Macbeth we know her from the start of the play while in the case of Lady Macduff we argon introduced to her with no prior knowledge only in Act 4 scene 2. Moreover with the use of dramatic irony Shakespeargon lets the audience know indisputable events ab place to happen which naturally influence the emotions of viewers. even out atomic number 19gh we feel sorrow for both the ladies there is a considerable difference in the prototype and type of sorrow. The basic similarity in their situation is that they cannot be helped. Shakespeare uses the basic human tendencies such as the urge to help the helpless, who in this case are both the Ladies, to amplify the feelings of sorrow and pity.We see lady Macduff first time in act 4 scene 2 talking with her cousin Ross a high ranking nobleman. She is angry with her husband for fleeing the land without them as can be inferred from lines 8-16. She feels that he has left them in mortal danger. Thus we know that the reverse emotion she experiences is fear. The fact that he ran away without any obvious reason scares her more. The audience already knows through Macbeths words- the castle of Macduff I will surprise..,give to the edge of sword his wifes, his babes, and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line (act4 sc1 171-174) that he is going to massacre Lady Macduff and her children. We come to know a lot about this adult female through the company of people that Shakespeare places with her. First of all we spend a penny Ross who clearly as her cousin does her the honor of visiting her and comforting her. His replies to all of her questions are suddenly and terse. They do not give any new information only do the task of soothing her feelings. His words in lines 25-30 I take my return of youTo w hat they were before.-My pretty cousin, Blessing upon you indicate that she is a woman of honor and he does not wish to stain that honor by staying longer with her considering that she is alone.Next we have her conversation with her son which reveals that she is aware that it is not her sons fault that his father has fled and that she will not blame him for Macduffs mistakes. Lady Macduffs jokes with her son are based on reality, heretofore are pleasing and tell of a loving relationship between her and her son. Moreover by using the weakest group of people thatis woman and children Shakespeare creates an added feeling of sorrow. The main course of the messenger increases the tension and heightens emotions as it is right after a jolly and normal dialogue. His words are the harbinger of demonic acts and they warn lady Macduff and hint her to run swiftly to safety. The very fact that the messenger is willing to put his vivification in jeopardy in order to try to save her life is t estimony to her character. Specifically his lines 76-78 To fright you thusis too nigh your person. tell us that he not telling her this cruel truth would be more evil than telling it to her as she was a person of high stature in his eyeball.Her response Whither should I fly? I have done no harm. hardly I remember now I am in this earthly.Do I put that womanly defense To say that I have done no harm? (Lines 81-87) to the warning shows political awareness and wisdom. At this point she knows that she is about to die and there is nothing anyone can do about it. Her end besides tells the audience that she is a loyal wife for in lines 90-91 she says I hope in no place so unsanctified where such as thou mayst find him. . Her son dies so as to give his mother time to run and save herself. Thus Shakespeare creates the ultimate concept of Good vs Evil but instead of allowing good to triumph he lets evil rule. Lady Macduffs death is that of an scared, confused, loyal, loving, honorable, wis e and defenseless woman dying a savage death for no reason whatsoever.On the other hand we have Lady Macbeth with whom the audience has been acquainted for a long time. Till act 5 sc 1 we have always seen Lady Macbeth as an forceful, ruthless and intelligent woman who has no remorse. In this act we see her through the eyes of a load and an gentlewoman. It is obvious that she is ill for a long time. Her company is not an jolly one, they are a doctor and a gentlewoman who after hearing and beholding her state of mind pity and feel sorrow for her. The gentlewoman has seen her in this state before whereas the doctor who sees her for the first time is clearly shocked. All her torments and troubles are within her mentally which is why no doctor can cure her. The words spoken by lady Macbeth speak of such darkness and cable that the doctor and the gentlewoman dare not repeat them to anyone else. All of her words in lines 37-42 refer to her past murders and crimes except for the excoria te Hell is murky.Her diction and sentence structure is terse and tense. It is almost as if she reporting all herdeeds. It is very different from the loud convincing diction of the lady Macbeth we see in earlier acts of the play. Even though she talks of her crimes, she never even once confesses or accepts her crimes. She is also scared and fears the blood spots on her transfer will never be cleaned (lines 53-55). She is also extremely afraid of the darkness which is why she has commanded that she always have light beside her. She fears her past actions and that she always pushed Macbeth when he hesitated in murdering. Macbeth had not confided in her about the murder of lady Macduff which suggests that Macbeths taste for murder has outgrown hers.These fears are shown symbolically through her fear of darkness which compares with evil and her fear of dirty and bloody hands which compares with guilt. What is however heartbreaking and is the greatest factor in creating sorrow for her i s that her harm cannot end. She is locked in a circle of agony and only she can break out of it, no one can help her. The only way out of this circle would be by asking for forgiveness, by redeeming herself in the eyes of god. But to show remorse one needs to be sane and sadly as seen from her sleepwalking and other unnatural acts she is clearly mentally ill. Her pain is never-ending and everlasting. She is bound for hell and she cannot escape it.There are several similarities and contrasts between the devil woman and the sorrow we feel for them. I personally tangle more sorrow for Lady Macbeth than Lady Macduff since the suffering of Lady Macduff was short and painful while Lady Macbeth is never ending and painful. Lady Macduff suffered externally though physical pain while lady Macbeth suffered mentally. In case of Lady Macduff she was innocent and the suffering was brought upon her by Macbeth while in case of Lady Macbeth she herself had brought his suffering upon themselves. Lady Macbeth had a grim past and faces a grim future while Lady Macduff had a loving past and faces a heavenly future. Even though everyone motiveed to help Lady Macduff they could not, similarly even though the doctor and gentlewoman wanted to help Lady Macbeth they could not.When death came Lady Macduff set about it by growing stronger but Lady Macbeth grew weaker. The diction of Lady Macduff drew out fear while Lady Macbeths diction imbibed it. Both the woman abide enthusiastic emotional suffering before they die. Both of them are helpless and isolated. Though people would like to help them they cannot. Both of their husbands are not with them. Macduff went toEngland mentation that his wife and children would be safe while Macbeth has probably grown so addicted to murder that he has forgotten his wifes suffering. As an audience the impact of these two sorry tragedies is huge and they come right after each other thus amplifying the impact.By playing upon natural human tenden cies, cleverly placing the right characters and creating a sense of helplessness for both women Shakespeare leaves the audience with deep sorrow. Shakespeare also cleverly places brief interludes between intense scenes to increase the overall effect. The emotions depicted are intense and break the hearts of the audience. The death of Lady Macduff is unwarranted while the death of lady Macbeth is too painful and horrific. The main ideas that Shakespeare uses are that we empathise with the weak and helpless, we want to see good triumph evil and that no one wants to give anyone everlasting suffering without a ray of hope. He uses these instinctive human feelings to create sorrow for Lady Macduff and Lady Macbeth.

Weapons and Personal Protective Equipment

When nourishing case-by-cases from others that may wish to do them harm, kidnap them, or just be near them beca utilize they think that the soul he or she is stalking is theirs in some way it is important to protect oneself first. In todays world of customaryity of movie stars and political figures it has extend more increasingly important for those individuals to hire personal protective agents. For an agent to do the best job that they ho make theatrical role of they must first protect him or herself or he or she go out not be able to protect his or her client.The use of personal protective equipment and limbs has become more popular then it was in the past. Personal protection agents must worry about the use of weapons, personal protection equipment, and the use of force so they scum bag protect themselves and their client to the fullest. Weapons When protecting someone from would be attackers or those that wish to harm the client the use of weapons may be necessary. M any different types of weapons atomic number 18 on tap(predicate) for agents to use.Non- totallyowhal weapons like tasers, stun guns, pepper spray, bean bag guns, and rubber bullets. These weapons are all designed to slow down the individual and allow the agent to mother control of the situation by restraining the attacker. Non- fatal weapons are designed to allow the agent to resolve a heartbreaking situation. The use of non-lethal weapons by personal protection agents can de-escalate a situation in which, greater force may have been used. Not all situations can be resolved by the use of non-lethal weapons.In the situations that require an agent to carry a gun or a lethal weapon the agent must first receive the kosher training on the use of the weapon. Each state has different guidelines on the use of firearms and restrictions of who can possess a firearm. When the agent becomes full trained in the use of a firearm and obtains the proper permits and licensing the agent prote cts his or her self from many civil liabilities. When an agent has been properly trained this will help to discriminate any unnecessary accidents.Proper training will allow the agent to assess the situation entirely before he or she discharges a weapon and injures an innocent by-stander. Weapons will allow the agent to fully protect him or herself, and give him or her capability to protect his or her principal to the fullest. When a dangerous situation arises a protection agent must be ready to do whatever it takes to keep his or her principal safe. By arming themselves with either non-lethal or lethal weapons they can ensure that the principal is well protected. Personal Protection EquipmentAccording to a 1997 Bureau of Justice Statistics survey of 700 state and local anesthetic law enforcement agencies with 100 or more officers, approximately 40% of sheriffs and municipal police departments, and 25% of state and country police departments require all firmament officers to wear body armor, compared to slightly less(prenominal) than 30% in the same survey conducted in 1993 (Body Armor, 2009). The top five threats that face police officers and protection agents are blunt trauma, hypodermic needles, knives, bullets, and homemade and pointed weapons.Along with weapons agents must also protect themselves with life-saving equipment. The use of bullet-proof vests and body armor will help the agent to prevent him or herself from being fatally shot while on duty. By requiring the principal wear a vest also this will increase the survival of the principal. The use of body armor will help to defuse a potentially fatal situation. It is important for agents to remember that the termination to choose a protective equipment incident should not be because it is comfortable or it looks good on him or her.The choice of protective gear should be based on the aim of threats that may be present. The higher the threat level the stronger the protective gear. If it may be a fa tal situation, then the agent should choose full body armor. This decision should also apply to the person who is under protection. Not all people that are being protected will require the use of such drastic equipment but by using other equipment can decrease their vulnerability. Use of Force The use of force has always been a questionable tactic in law enforcement and security fields.Everyone always questions how much force is needed, was the force justifiable and could the officer have done something differently to deter the use of force. By breeding officers and protection agents what is the appropriate level of force and in what situations force can be stronger will help to prevent unnecessary questioning by the public and the media. Most agencies have guidelines and policies that outline the use of force. These guidelines describe the escalating continuum that is appropriate for officers and agents to use.The use of force continuum is designed into five separate levels. Lev el one is the simple social movement of an officer or agent. The agent is non-threatening and professional, and the mere presence of the agent is to act as deterrence for an attacker. Level two is the verbalization level. This is when an agent uses verbal commands such as please step back, stop, or do not move to make the individual to stop his or her approach. This is a non-physical stage and is used to let the attacker know that there is someone present to stop him or her if he or she continues.Level three is the reverse hand technique. Officers or agents use two types of empty hand techniques. The first is a soft empty hand technique and is the use of grabs, holds, and joint locks to restrain the individual. The secondly is hard empty hand techniques and the agent uses punches or kicks to subdue the attacker. This step is used when the attacker is noncompliant to the first two levels of the continuum. This level is also used in pairing with level two, the use of verbal comman ds such as stop or I will have to restrain you. Level four is the use of less than lethal methods.This level is broke down into three sections. The first is blunt impact, the use of a baton or a projectile to immobilize the individual. The second is the use of chemicals. These can include pepper spray, mace, tear gas, or other chemical sprays that are used to immobilize the attacker. The third type of less than lethal force is the use of conducted energy devices. Officers or agents may use CEDs to immobilize an individual. CEDs discharge a high-voltage, low-amperage jolt of electricity at a distance (U. S. division of Justice Office of Justice Programs, 2009).The final level of the use of force continuum is lethal force. This is the final choice among agents and officers. Lethal force is only used when all the other levels have been exhausted and the agent or officer is left with no other choice then to use lethal force. It should only be used if the suspect poses a serious threat to the agent or the principal. The use of force must be justified in any plate and the agent must be able to clearly state why he or she believed the level of force that was used was needed. In no draw should an agent use force if there is no reason for its use.When confronted by a situation, it is not uncommon for an agent of officer to move from one level to the next of the continuum within a matter of seconds. Situations can escalate from non-threatening and not serious to lethal within seconds. It is all on how the situation is dealt with and how determined the individual who is posing the threat is to escalate the situation. Summary Whenever an agent is assigned to a protective detail, it is important for them to make sure that they assess the situation for every verbal expression that is needed to determine the level of protection for his or her principal.When protecting individuals, it is important to remember that every aspect of the detail is assessed and that the agent communicates fully with his or her team. This will allow the agent and others involved to make sure that there will be no surprises and that he or she are ready for anything that may happen. Agents can never underestimate their potential adversaries. If they do they may not be fully prepared for what is about to happen. They must also protect themselves with weapons and personal protection equipment so that they are not harmed.This will help to increase the success of the assignment and will ensure that the principal is well guarded. Agents must also be trained and knowledgeable in the use of force continuum. This will keep them from committing a needless mistake while protecting their principal. By being fully trained and completely prepared for assignments personal protection agents can do their job better and give their principal the opportunity to relax with the knowledge that they are fully protected no matter what may arise.

The Development of Kingship in the Middle Ages

Before modern technology, and the advent of cars, there were castles, catapults, and horse drawn carts. There were as well kingdoms, and with kingdoms came kings, and with kings came politics, conflict, war, and regicide. The King, throughout history, and in modern times, was believed to be the sole ruler of a country, having the final word on all that happened within the bounds of their kingdom. This has indeed been authoritative since Cain was cast out of his home, and he established the city of Chanoch, all the way to the ancient rulers of Babylon.The rulers, emperors, and kings reigned with sovereignty, and their go away was rarely questioned, hitherto while some of them reigned fire and brimstone on their people, murdering them, and pillaging their homes. This was the power of a king, unquestioning loyalty from servants, guards, and massive amounts of infantrymen and calvary. Whether they ruled through terror, or did terrible things for the good of their country, was a matt er of the nature bearing the crown.There have been times in history, as noted in numerous books, where those who are held to be honorable have been forced to perform a seemingly distasteful act for the greater good, even if the true motives arent with the good of his people, such as Blan back toothdrins, a knight as noted in the tune of Roland 2, who spoke these words Stand honour bound, and do him fealty. circularize hostages, should he demand positive(predicate)ty, Ten or a score, our loyal oath to bind Send him our sons, the first-born of our wives An he be slain, Ill surely furnish mine.Better by far they go, though doomed to die, Than that we lose honour and dignity, And be ourselves brought down to beggary. 3 In the forward paragraph, an excerpt from a major literary work written in the time, we see that in those times, the welfare of a nation outweighed the welfare of a a couple of(prenominal) simple farmers or peasants, which lies in great contrast to the world of tod ay. This is not an indicator of evil as evil today is defined by laws and morals that have been put in place by modern men, or better men as some would believe.However the morality in that time was a completely different story, and right or wrong exactly cannot be applied. The general public would not mind such a sacrifice, as it is for the greater good, and a good king will do anything for his country, to ensure that everything and everyone manages to survive. A good king will maintain relations with foreign nations to bring in supplies, and trade. Such was demonstrated by Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, the king of France from the year 768, till he died in 814, and was widely regarded as The Father of Europe.Throughout his reign, with his diplomacy toward other nations, and his free-hearted treatment of foreigners4. It is not uncommon for a king, should he care about his people, to build great structures, and to give to the poor, as St. Louis of France did, noted if the Life of St. Louis He began indeed to build and found hospitals or houses for poor people to lie in, edified minsters of religion, and gave yearly to other poor sufferers in divers places in the realm untold money, pecunies or silver. He founded many convents of the order of friars preachers, and to many otherpoor religious builded churches, cloisters, dortoirs, and other edifices convenable, gave for God largely alms to the blind, beguines, daughters of God, and releved the minster of many a poor nunnery.. 5 The king of a nation will be highly educated, his language, and articulation will be high above that of a normal peasant, and as such he will be seen as an extremely intelligent person, worthy of ruling a kingdom, though if he is a good king, he will concern himself much with the people, giving them food, clothing, and shelter, the basic necessities above all else.He will also hold true to the religion of the land, ensuring that he follows the laws, and demands that others do as well. Whereof it befell that a citizen of Paris who sinful swearing had blasphemed Jesus Christ, against the act or statute royal, which Saint Louis by the counsel of the prelates and princes had ordained and made for the swearers and blasphemers, at the commandment of the said saint he was marked or tokened, at the lips of him with a hotand burning iron, in sign of punition of his sin, and terror and dreadfulness to all others 7 The role of a king can change greatly over the years, in times of peace caring for the people would be as simple as building structures, proving clothing, and making sure all are fed. In times of war the job becomes dangerous, as the king must see to it that the country is defended, and that all are safe, even if that elbow room making sacrifices.As fate would have it, the role of the king changed dramatically in France, around the time of Childeric III, of the Merovingian family among whom the French chose their kings for generations, when Childerics p osition was taken over by Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, who became Mayor of the Palace, making all the vital decisions of the king, who simply sat on the throne and made no real decisions, only saying what he was told to say, even to dignitaries and ambassadors who came from near and far to seek his counsel.This lasted until the Roman Pontiff, Stephen II deposed Childeric, and Pepin took over the matters of the palace, both home and abroad7. These are the events that led up to the era of Charlemagne, a well-disposed era for the European continent. This is but one example of the extreme measures one must go to, in order to ensure the safety of a kingdom, even at the risk of ones own life. So what does all this mean? In short, the role of a king is more than being comfortable in the position, and simply ruling.A king, being solely in charge of a nation, in most cases, must not only care for the people, he must also visualise his back, and ensure everything is being done pr operly, lest someone steal the throne from him, and the title of king takes on an entirely new meaning. As new technology becomes available, in the areas of plumbing, food, aqua ducts, lighting, and especially architecture, the king should do his best, if possible, to make sure that it is available to his people in some form or another.New architecture could mean safer buildings, or more stable foundations, which translates into fewer structural collapses, and therefore fewer deaths. After all, while a king may resolve to sacrifice men for the involvement of peace, a king shouldnt be eager to watch his citizens die needlessly The role of the king is complicated, and our only means of understanding it, is the stories, and documents which have been passed down, to give us a glimpse into the past, but what we can ascertain, is that the role itself implied danger, and that the world survived such as it is now, is to be credited to those great men.

Management Programme Term-End Examination

December, 2005 MS95 (S) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR MANAGEMENT DECISIONS condemnation 3 hours Maximum Marks 100 (Weightage 70%) Note (i) This paper contains two sections, Section A and B. Section A contains five questions. Attempt any four questions from this section. Section B is compulsory (ii) statistical tables may be depictd. (iii) Use of own non-programmable calculator is allowed. SECTION A 1. A local supermarket has experienced a decline in unit sales and little change in rupee place sales.Profits have almost vanished. The chief executive in searching for ways to revitalize the operation, was advised to contrivement the number of hours the market is open for business. He comes to you for advice in structuring a research problem that will provide pertinent information for decision making, Define the research problem taking care to (15) (a) state the pertinent question. (b) enumerate the alternative answers. (c) clearly define the units of analysis and characteristics of interest. 2. A sample may be grown yet worthless because it is not random or it may be random but treacherous because it is small. Comment upon the above statement and explain the importance of sampling in daily life. (15) 3. What do you see by factor analysis ? Mention the purpose and uses of factor analysis. (15) 4. What are the seven elements of communication, which are relevant for making a showing ? Discuss. (15) 5. Write short notes on any three of the following (15) (a) target characteristics and Inferred characteristics (b) Editing of primary data c) Operating and Strategic decisions (d) Ordinal Scale (e) Audio-visual aids in presentation of reports SECTION B 6. Describe the semantic differential scale. Use the semantic differential technique to develop the profile of three television manufacturing companies in India. (20) 7. A random sample of 30 students obtained the following label in a class test (20) Test the hypothesis that their median score is more than 50. 58 55 25 32 26 85 44 80 33 72 10 42 15 46 64 39 38 30 36 65 72 46 54 36 89 94 25 74 66 29

Election 2013

Three Debatable Issues On November 6, 2012 the Statesns leave conduct the opportunity to decide on the next President, current President, Barack Obama or deal Romney. There are iii study issues being debated during the 2012 election, which are like raise marriage, abortion and healthcare. for apiece one candidate has an opposite military position on each issue being discussed. One of the hot freeing issues is same windual practice marriage. In 1996, Congress passed the denial of Marriage Act, which outlaws same trip marriage, and marrow amid two men or two women. afoot(predicate)ly ten states eitherow same sex marriage basketball team states recognize civil union and six have domestic partnerships. The election of 2012 will allow voters in eighteen states to decide on weather to add or ban same sex marriage. Obama is accessory on same sex marriage. Internally he struggles due to his Christian and social beliefs, however he publicly announced his instant on May 9, 2012. Obama, as our current President, doesnt support the Defense of Marriage Act. He has tell his administration to stop defending the act in Courts. Romney is against same sex marriage.He believes marriage is between and cleaning lady and a man, going back 3000 years ago. He feels same sex marriage would destroy America and its youth. He is very supportive of Jones2 the Federal Marriage Amendment, which prohibits same sex marriage. Another major deciding issue is Abortion. Abortion is the purging of an unhatched fetus, by select or accident, in a womans womb. Abortion is a very highly debated as it touches on ones full to live and ones right to decide. In 1973 the lordly Court ruled a woman has the right to abort her pregnancy.Romney is Pro-life, which rejects the idea of abortions based on religious, clean-living and ethnic grounds. He supports the rights of the unborn child. He previously supported a womans right to decide, however now is against abortions unless(prenomina l) rap, incest or to save a sustains life is involved. Obama is Pro-Choice, which takes away the governments date or influence and allows the bring to put one over the choice. He believes the government should not intrude on snobbish family matter. The choice is given to mother to make this decision. Lastly, an issue that affects all Americans is levyes.Taxes are predetermined of money that each somebody has to pay on revenue-gene directd money. Romney supports a budget that will cut taxes for the middle class, wad earing less than 200,000 a year, and individuals aged sixty five or older. He also proposes that he will dispatch taxes on interest, dividends and capital gains, which will in turn results in more than money for the middle class. He will also move back the death tax, in which he states makes no sense a all. Current President Obama wants to work to make the tax fairer to the middle class and eliminate loopholes for the wealthy class.He is in party favor of progr essive tax system, which simplifies the tax code. This will allow for a more equal tax rate as currently people who make less money Jones3 could end up paying more in taxes than a wealthier person or family. Whether you agree or disagree with the issues stated previously, same sex marriage, abortion or taxes we all have a choice to make. Each candidate has strong opponent views against each other. These topics can call on a deal breaker for how our American people vote.Election 2013Three Debatable Issues On November 6, 2012 Americans will have the opportunity to decide on the next President, current President, Barack Obama or Mitt Romney. There are three major issues being debated during the 2012 election, which are same sex marriage, abortion and healthcare. Each candidate has an opposite stance on each issue being discussed. One of the hot button issues is same sex marriage. In 1996, Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act, which outlaws same sex marriage, and union between t wo men or two women.Currently ten states allow same sex marriage five states recognize civil union and six have domestic partnerships. The election of 2012 will allow voters in eighteen states to decide on weather to add or ban same sex marriage. Obama is supportive on same sex marriage. Internally he struggles due to his Christian and social beliefs, however he publicly announced his endorsement on May 9, 2012. Obama, as our current President, doesnt support the Defense of Marriage Act. He has directed his administration to stop defending the act in Courts. Romney is against same sex marriage.He believes marriage is between and woman and a man, going back 3000 years ago. He feels same sex marriage would destroy America and its youth. He is very supportive of Jones2 the Federal Marriage Amendment, which prohibits same sex marriage. Another major deciding issue is Abortion. Abortion is the purging of an unborn fetus, by choice or accident, in a womans womb. Abortion is a very highly debated as it touches on ones right to live and ones right to decide. In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled a woman has the right to abort her pregnancy.Romney is Pro-life, which rejects the idea of abortions based on religious, moral and ethnic grounds. He supports the rights of the unborn child. He previously supported a womans right to decide, however now is against abortions unless rap, incest or to save a mothers life is involved. Obama is Pro-Choice, which takes away the governments involvement or influence and allows the mother to make the choice. He believes the government should not intrude on private family matter. The choice is given to mother to make this decision. Lastly, an issue that affects all Americans is taxes.Taxes are predetermined of money that each person has to pay on revenue-generated money. Romney supports a budget that will cut taxes for the middle class, people earing less than 200,000 a year, and individuals aged sixty five or older. He also proposes that he w ill remove taxes on interest, dividends and capital gains, which will in turn results in more money for the middle class. He will also remove the death tax, in which he states makes no sense a all. Current President Obama wants to work to make the tax fairer to the middle class and eliminate loopholes for the wealthy class.He is in favor of progressive tax system, which simplifies the tax code. This will allow for a more equal tax rate as currently people who make less money Jones3 could end up paying more in taxes than a wealthier person or family. Whether you agree or disagree with the issues stated previously, same sex marriage, abortion or taxes we all have a choice to make. Each candidate has strong opposing views against each other. These topics can become a deal breaker for how our American people vote.

Group decision making essay Essay

Introduction.Managers in todays business environment are face upd with numerous often-unplanned events that require conclusiveness-making. In the past it was more common for a passenger car to fix the course of save individu entirelyy or at bottom formal hosts.Important findings in the business circle are at a snip deemed too risky or important to be made entirely by one person. A manager must(prenominal) dupek the right advice from several several(predicate) sources.Today it is often common for galore(postnominal) managers to seek involvement from lower level employees in the decision making process whenever it suffer be done.However it is not always possible just to ask a colleague what they should do. Most decisions exit require a process of a greater degree of subordinate participation these decisions heap be made through a concoction of different ways much(prenominal) as committees, task bases, departmental participation and so forth.It is said that makin g decisions in a root entirelyows for every angle to be looked at and every possible root word to be created with every decision from a root word whirl the best ascendent this method of decision making.However like legion(predicate) techniques it has its positives and negatives.It can be time consuming and may not offer an answer to the occupation that satisfies everyone.This essay hopes to discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of radical decision-making using several theories and both(prenominal) real life case studies.We will see how participation in decision-making affects companies decisions we will look at several helpful models i.e. vroom-jago model and all referencing it to real life situations and quotes from noted persons in the fieldCircumstances Of Group decision.Managers as part of their job are faced with m whatever decisions in which they convey to undertake, it is up to the managers themselves to decide in what kind of way they want to make the dec ision and solve the problem. However groups can offer an essential feature in decision making for an organisation. As Coghlan points outMembership of teams and groups shape perception and participation in organisational switch.. Groups and teams play a key bureau in the process of planned organisational change. The change process typically involves teams in the organisationals hierarchy responding to the change agenda and adapting to it in terms of its tasks and processes (Coghlan)Coghlan statement clearly surpasss us to believe that groups are critical in making important direction changing decisions for the company.Evidence supports this statement and we will look at this a little later as we discuss the advantage and disadvantages.First we will look at how managers pick out about making the decision to usage group participation.A manager may decide to use group decisions in several serving and the contingency model by Vroom and Yetton as intumesce as the Vroom and Jago dec ision model can prove serviceable in helping management decide when to encourage group participation.In he contingency model by Vroom and Yetton on that point are five key management styles as described by Vroom that a manager can undertake to make decisions. This is shown in appendix 1.We can see from this that the amount of participation that a manager involves in a decision varies greatly. It would not be logical for managers to alwaysinvolve group decision-making on smaller problems such as whether to refund a customer (if it was something worth 10) this would be a waste of time and resources for the company and could easy be dealt with on the stop with a programmed decision by the staff.Group decisions as described by Coghlan can be very useful for important or company changing problems or opportunities. It would not be wise to let one person decide whether to invest 4 billions pounds to merge with another company. This is a case when it would be wise for the company to go f or the style as vroom described as decision style GII i.e. where you share a problem with your subordinates as a group and implement any solution that has the entire support of the group.The Vroom and Jago decision model goes onto produce a decision tree for choosing a appropriate decision-making method.This decision tree allows the gutter to move along the branches by answering the questions at each point. This leads to one of the five decision making styles as described in the Vroom Yetton model. However it has to be said that this model as intimately as models in general are neither right nor wrong they must be seen as guidelines or as a reference. However the Vroom-Yetton, Jago model must be seen as a useful tool in the aid of decision-making although it is not perfect.Looking at appendix 2 we can see that the model looks a little complex even once you reach the starting point QR we can see that the model is simply a set of high, low yes, no answers that guide you to an event ual decision style. This model has been criticized as being not perfect. However it is not possible for me to say these critics are not right or wrong only this model is neither. However support is growing for this model as more shells of its uses come to light.Advantages, Disadvantages To Group Participation.In todays empowered work places managers involve all workers in decision making as a rule rather than choice. However companies must sympathise thatparticipative decision-making does has its disadvantages as well as it obvious advantages.It is seen that in business two heads are better than one. This can be true in some circumstances as it offers an advantage in terms of oblation a boarder perspective to establish the problem and sort out its causes and effects. It excessively modifys the company to have more ability and facts at its disposal therefore allowing for greater scope to sort out any potentially tricky problem.Group sermon leads to the evaluation and correction of possible decisions, plus group discussion also helps to back up and support a decision that an individual may not handle to take on his or her own due to the risk involved.And finally group discussion allows for more satisfaction from the workers, as they feel involved with the project and decision that their work place is taking.Group decisions however can tend to be time consuming, everyone must be consulted on the problem and then they must all find the time to jointly diagnose the problem and decide a solution.Groups may also have the problem of not using the best solution for the problem, although the group discussion allows for more ideas some members may not agree on the best solution and therefore a comprise solution will have to be used to seduce group wide acceptance. A boarder ostentation of this would be the risky shift phenomenon, this suggests that instead of groups taking fewer risks and making safer decisions the reverse is often the case. at that place is a t endency for groups to make more risky decisions than an individual may take. Another point is that lot inclined to make risks are more influential within the group than say the more fusty members, therefore good ideas could be lost.Group think is another problem that must be considered within a group. Groupthink tells us that pressures on individual members to conform and reach consensus mean that minority or unpopular ideas maybe suppressed. Members who oppose the group are stereotyped as being weak, stupid, and argumentative. As People may not wish to question any ideas of the group, bad ideas may filter through. ace other big problem to group think as see we see in the example of Napster is that it can lead to a inherent morality of the group which in turn can lead to members to be convinced of the logical correctness of what it is doing and to ignore ethical or moral consequences of decisions ( more harsher examples of groupthink would be Pearl harbour, Vietnam, Mullins99)The final problem is people do not feel the same sense of obligation for group decisions or their outcomes. A decision which is everyones is the responsibility of no one(Mullins,98)An example of disadvantages of group decision-making and group think can be seen by www.napster.com. Even when it was clear that their practice of providing free mp3s of the latest musical material was wrong they decided as a group in the face of the courts to continue their practice. This was because their group norms supported them doing so and that they were the most sought after website on the Internet. However group members of Napster had to compromise all their values so as to keep dissent and as there was no clear reasonability everyone agreed to this illegal practice. If some members would have voiced their concerns and beliefs earlier in the process and station an end to the practice before the courts took over they could have save themselves much time and money.However lets go back to advantages of group decision-making and look at the techniques used to promote it and stimulate creativity.Management have recognise that encouraging employee participation in solving problems can be extremely advantageous toward the company. Frontline workers are constantly in touch with the needs, wants and concerns of the companies customers, it allows them fuller insight into how to possibly solve problemsthat concern the companys consumer base.When I first worked at Matalan they operated a system by where you could post any ideas you had on how to improve the accomplishment of the store and its service to the customers. If you idea was put into practice you would receive a financial reward. This system reliable many replies and allowed for many improvements to be implemented around many Matalan stores.There are many different ways in which can pursue employee participation. The most common and well-k todayn participation tool would be brainstorming.Brainstorming is a decision-making te chnique in which group members present spontaneous ideas and suggestions for solving the problem concerned. It allows any ideas regardless of how impractical they may seem. This in turn hopefully promotes freer and more creative mentation. Brain storming deeds on involving everyone, and encouraging communication, listening, and information sharing in the hope that it maximises ideas/possible solutions to problems and also minimises the risk of overlook any points of the problem under question.An advancement of the brainstorming technique is the Delphi technique this is based on unidentified inputs from individual members of the group and then management assess the responses until a consensus is reached. This can be time consuming but overcomes the limitations of brainstorming and the systems of group think.Now Lets take for example many common marketing departments it is now commonplace for them to have basketball hoops, televisions, computers games, and other stimuli within the room. Management hope this will promote a relaxed environment within the group in the hope that it will allow for more creative thinking and brainstorming within the marketing groupOther techniques used for group decision making include signing a devils advocate. The devils advocate challenges the assumptions and assertions made by the group to prevent any premature consensus. (Daft,00) This it hopesforces the team who created the idea to solve the problem to examine and explain any risks that maybe associated with it.Another similar cash advance would be multiple advocacy. Multiple advocacy, involves several advocates and allows for the presentation of several different points of view on the idea in question. It allows minority and unpopular opinions, decisions are therefore based on solid augment and the arrest of all the pros and cons.Conclusion.As we can see there are circumstances where group decisions are more necessary than others and it is up to the managers to decide wh ich situations would be best to involve group decision. Although the decision of when to involve group decisions is entirely up to the manager there are models available such as vroom to help give guidance should they need it.Group participation offers a variety of different advantages for solving problems and tasks. It allows for the group as a whole to participate toward solving the task and allows for more creative thinking than would be given by an individual. Groups cover all angles of a problem and enable any ideas to be looked at in detail before being implemented.However like all good things it has its disadvantages. Group participation includes such problems as groupthink and risky-shift phenomenon. These tell us that support can be given to ideas just to enable group harmony or because individuals dont wont to gain a reputation. It also includes the point that people inclined to take risks are more influential within the group.Whatever the disadvantages and advantages of g roup participation and performance, groups will always form part of the pattern of work organisation. It is provided a matter of judgement for the manager as to when, and how best, to use groups in the execution of work.