Lady Macbeth and Lady Macduff Essay

Shakespe be cleverly realises sorrow for Lady Macbeth and Lady Macduff through various techniques such as order of their scenes, their company on stage and most importantly by their circumstances. In the case of Lady Macbeth we know her from the start of the play while in the case of Lady Macduff we argon introduced to her with no prior knowledge only in Act 4 scene 2. Moreover with the use of dramatic irony Shakespeargon lets the audience know indisputable events ab place to happen which naturally influence the emotions of viewers. even out atomic number 19gh we feel sorrow for both the ladies there is a considerable difference in the prototype and type of sorrow. The basic similarity in their situation is that they cannot be helped. Shakespeare uses the basic human tendencies such as the urge to help the helpless, who in this case are both the Ladies, to amplify the feelings of sorrow and pity.We see lady Macduff first time in act 4 scene 2 talking with her cousin Ross a high ranking nobleman. She is angry with her husband for fleeing the land without them as can be inferred from lines 8-16. She feels that he has left them in mortal danger. Thus we know that the reverse emotion she experiences is fear. The fact that he ran away without any obvious reason scares her more. The audience already knows through Macbeths words- the castle of Macduff I will surprise..,give to the edge of sword his wifes, his babes, and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line (act4 sc1 171-174) that he is going to massacre Lady Macduff and her children. We come to know a lot about this adult female through the company of people that Shakespeare places with her. First of all we spend a penny Ross who clearly as her cousin does her the honor of visiting her and comforting her. His replies to all of her questions are suddenly and terse. They do not give any new information only do the task of soothing her feelings. His words in lines 25-30 I take my return of youTo w hat they were before.-My pretty cousin, Blessing upon you indicate that she is a woman of honor and he does not wish to stain that honor by staying longer with her considering that she is alone.Next we have her conversation with her son which reveals that she is aware that it is not her sons fault that his father has fled and that she will not blame him for Macduffs mistakes. Lady Macduffs jokes with her son are based on reality, heretofore are pleasing and tell of a loving relationship between her and her son. Moreover by using the weakest group of people thatis woman and children Shakespeare creates an added feeling of sorrow. The main course of the messenger increases the tension and heightens emotions as it is right after a jolly and normal dialogue. His words are the harbinger of demonic acts and they warn lady Macduff and hint her to run swiftly to safety. The very fact that the messenger is willing to put his vivification in jeopardy in order to try to save her life is t estimony to her character. Specifically his lines 76-78 To fright you thusis too nigh your person. tell us that he not telling her this cruel truth would be more evil than telling it to her as she was a person of high stature in his eyeball.Her response Whither should I fly? I have done no harm. hardly I remember now I am in this earthly.Do I put that womanly defense To say that I have done no harm? (Lines 81-87) to the warning shows political awareness and wisdom. At this point she knows that she is about to die and there is nothing anyone can do about it. Her end besides tells the audience that she is a loyal wife for in lines 90-91 she says I hope in no place so unsanctified where such as thou mayst find him. . Her son dies so as to give his mother time to run and save herself. Thus Shakespeare creates the ultimate concept of Good vs Evil but instead of allowing good to triumph he lets evil rule. Lady Macduffs death is that of an scared, confused, loyal, loving, honorable, wis e and defenseless woman dying a savage death for no reason whatsoever.On the other hand we have Lady Macbeth with whom the audience has been acquainted for a long time. Till act 5 sc 1 we have always seen Lady Macbeth as an forceful, ruthless and intelligent woman who has no remorse. In this act we see her through the eyes of a load and an gentlewoman. It is obvious that she is ill for a long time. Her company is not an jolly one, they are a doctor and a gentlewoman who after hearing and beholding her state of mind pity and feel sorrow for her. The gentlewoman has seen her in this state before whereas the doctor who sees her for the first time is clearly shocked. All her torments and troubles are within her mentally which is why no doctor can cure her. The words spoken by lady Macbeth speak of such darkness and cable that the doctor and the gentlewoman dare not repeat them to anyone else. All of her words in lines 37-42 refer to her past murders and crimes except for the excoria te Hell is murky.Her diction and sentence structure is terse and tense. It is almost as if she reporting all herdeeds. It is very different from the loud convincing diction of the lady Macbeth we see in earlier acts of the play. Even though she talks of her crimes, she never even once confesses or accepts her crimes. She is also scared and fears the blood spots on her transfer will never be cleaned (lines 53-55). She is also extremely afraid of the darkness which is why she has commanded that she always have light beside her. She fears her past actions and that she always pushed Macbeth when he hesitated in murdering. Macbeth had not confided in her about the murder of lady Macduff which suggests that Macbeths taste for murder has outgrown hers.These fears are shown symbolically through her fear of darkness which compares with evil and her fear of dirty and bloody hands which compares with guilt. What is however heartbreaking and is the greatest factor in creating sorrow for her i s that her harm cannot end. She is locked in a circle of agony and only she can break out of it, no one can help her. The only way out of this circle would be by asking for forgiveness, by redeeming herself in the eyes of god. But to show remorse one needs to be sane and sadly as seen from her sleepwalking and other unnatural acts she is clearly mentally ill. Her pain is never-ending and everlasting. She is bound for hell and she cannot escape it.There are several similarities and contrasts between the devil woman and the sorrow we feel for them. I personally tangle more sorrow for Lady Macbeth than Lady Macduff since the suffering of Lady Macduff was short and painful while Lady Macbeth is never ending and painful. Lady Macduff suffered externally though physical pain while lady Macbeth suffered mentally. In case of Lady Macduff she was innocent and the suffering was brought upon her by Macbeth while in case of Lady Macbeth she herself had brought his suffering upon themselves. Lady Macbeth had a grim past and faces a grim future while Lady Macduff had a loving past and faces a heavenly future. Even though everyone motiveed to help Lady Macduff they could not, similarly even though the doctor and gentlewoman wanted to help Lady Macbeth they could not.When death came Lady Macduff set about it by growing stronger but Lady Macbeth grew weaker. The diction of Lady Macduff drew out fear while Lady Macbeths diction imbibed it. Both the woman abide enthusiastic emotional suffering before they die. Both of them are helpless and isolated. Though people would like to help them they cannot. Both of their husbands are not with them. Macduff went toEngland mentation that his wife and children would be safe while Macbeth has probably grown so addicted to murder that he has forgotten his wifes suffering. As an audience the impact of these two sorry tragedies is huge and they come right after each other thus amplifying the impact.By playing upon natural human tenden cies, cleverly placing the right characters and creating a sense of helplessness for both women Shakespeare leaves the audience with deep sorrow. Shakespeare also cleverly places brief interludes between intense scenes to increase the overall effect. The emotions depicted are intense and break the hearts of the audience. The death of Lady Macduff is unwarranted while the death of lady Macbeth is too painful and horrific. The main ideas that Shakespeare uses are that we empathise with the weak and helpless, we want to see good triumph evil and that no one wants to give anyone everlasting suffering without a ray of hope. He uses these instinctive human feelings to create sorrow for Lady Macduff and Lady Macbeth.

Weapons and Personal Protective Equipment

When nourishing case-by-cases from others that may wish to do them harm, kidnap them, or just be near them beca utilize they think that the soul he or she is stalking is theirs in some way it is important to protect oneself first. In todays world of customaryity of movie stars and political figures it has extend more increasingly important for those individuals to hire personal protective agents. For an agent to do the best job that they ho make theatrical role of they must first protect him or herself or he or she go out not be able to protect his or her client.The use of personal protective equipment and limbs has become more popular then it was in the past. Personal protection agents must worry about the use of weapons, personal protection equipment, and the use of force so they scum bag protect themselves and their client to the fullest. Weapons When protecting someone from would be attackers or those that wish to harm the client the use of weapons may be necessary. M any different types of weapons atomic number 18 on tap(predicate) for agents to use.Non- totallyowhal weapons like tasers, stun guns, pepper spray, bean bag guns, and rubber bullets. These weapons are all designed to slow down the individual and allow the agent to mother control of the situation by restraining the attacker. Non- fatal weapons are designed to allow the agent to resolve a heartbreaking situation. The use of non-lethal weapons by personal protection agents can de-escalate a situation in which, greater force may have been used. Not all situations can be resolved by the use of non-lethal weapons.In the situations that require an agent to carry a gun or a lethal weapon the agent must first receive the kosher training on the use of the weapon. Each state has different guidelines on the use of firearms and restrictions of who can possess a firearm. When the agent becomes full trained in the use of a firearm and obtains the proper permits and licensing the agent prote cts his or her self from many civil liabilities. When an agent has been properly trained this will help to discriminate any unnecessary accidents.Proper training will allow the agent to assess the situation entirely before he or she discharges a weapon and injures an innocent by-stander. Weapons will allow the agent to fully protect him or herself, and give him or her capability to protect his or her principal to the fullest. When a dangerous situation arises a protection agent must be ready to do whatever it takes to keep his or her principal safe. By arming themselves with either non-lethal or lethal weapons they can ensure that the principal is well protected. Personal Protection EquipmentAccording to a 1997 Bureau of Justice Statistics survey of 700 state and local anesthetic law enforcement agencies with 100 or more officers, approximately 40% of sheriffs and municipal police departments, and 25% of state and country police departments require all firmament officers to wear body armor, compared to slightly less(prenominal) than 30% in the same survey conducted in 1993 (Body Armor, 2009). The top five threats that face police officers and protection agents are blunt trauma, hypodermic needles, knives, bullets, and homemade and pointed weapons.Along with weapons agents must also protect themselves with life-saving equipment. The use of bullet-proof vests and body armor will help the agent to prevent him or herself from being fatally shot while on duty. By requiring the principal wear a vest also this will increase the survival of the principal. The use of body armor will help to defuse a potentially fatal situation. It is important for agents to remember that the termination to choose a protective equipment incident should not be because it is comfortable or it looks good on him or her.The choice of protective gear should be based on the aim of threats that may be present. The higher the threat level the stronger the protective gear. If it may be a fa tal situation, then the agent should choose full body armor. This decision should also apply to the person who is under protection. Not all people that are being protected will require the use of such drastic equipment but by using other equipment can decrease their vulnerability. Use of Force The use of force has always been a questionable tactic in law enforcement and security fields.Everyone always questions how much force is needed, was the force justifiable and could the officer have done something differently to deter the use of force. By breeding officers and protection agents what is the appropriate level of force and in what situations force can be stronger will help to prevent unnecessary questioning by the public and the media. Most agencies have guidelines and policies that outline the use of force. These guidelines describe the escalating continuum that is appropriate for officers and agents to use.The use of force continuum is designed into five separate levels. Lev el one is the simple social movement of an officer or agent. The agent is non-threatening and professional, and the mere presence of the agent is to act as deterrence for an attacker. Level two is the verbalization level. This is when an agent uses verbal commands such as please step back, stop, or do not move to make the individual to stop his or her approach. This is a non-physical stage and is used to let the attacker know that there is someone present to stop him or her if he or she continues.Level three is the reverse hand technique. Officers or agents use two types of empty hand techniques. The first is a soft empty hand technique and is the use of grabs, holds, and joint locks to restrain the individual. The secondly is hard empty hand techniques and the agent uses punches or kicks to subdue the attacker. This step is used when the attacker is noncompliant to the first two levels of the continuum. This level is also used in pairing with level two, the use of verbal comman ds such as stop or I will have to restrain you. Level four is the use of less than lethal methods.This level is broke down into three sections. The first is blunt impact, the use of a baton or a projectile to immobilize the individual. The second is the use of chemicals. These can include pepper spray, mace, tear gas, or other chemical sprays that are used to immobilize the attacker. The third type of less than lethal force is the use of conducted energy devices. Officers or agents may use CEDs to immobilize an individual. CEDs discharge a high-voltage, low-amperage jolt of electricity at a distance (U. S. division of Justice Office of Justice Programs, 2009).The final level of the use of force continuum is lethal force. This is the final choice among agents and officers. Lethal force is only used when all the other levels have been exhausted and the agent or officer is left with no other choice then to use lethal force. It should only be used if the suspect poses a serious threat to the agent or the principal. The use of force must be justified in any plate and the agent must be able to clearly state why he or she believed the level of force that was used was needed. In no draw should an agent use force if there is no reason for its use.When confronted by a situation, it is not uncommon for an agent of officer to move from one level to the next of the continuum within a matter of seconds. Situations can escalate from non-threatening and not serious to lethal within seconds. It is all on how the situation is dealt with and how determined the individual who is posing the threat is to escalate the situation. Summary Whenever an agent is assigned to a protective detail, it is important for them to make sure that they assess the situation for every verbal expression that is needed to determine the level of protection for his or her principal.When protecting individuals, it is important to remember that every aspect of the detail is assessed and that the agent communicates fully with his or her team. This will allow the agent and others involved to make sure that there will be no surprises and that he or she are ready for anything that may happen. Agents can never underestimate their potential adversaries. If they do they may not be fully prepared for what is about to happen. They must also protect themselves with weapons and personal protection equipment so that they are not harmed.This will help to increase the success of the assignment and will ensure that the principal is well guarded. Agents must also be trained and knowledgeable in the use of force continuum. This will keep them from committing a needless mistake while protecting their principal. By being fully trained and completely prepared for assignments personal protection agents can do their job better and give their principal the opportunity to relax with the knowledge that they are fully protected no matter what may arise.

The Development of Kingship in the Middle Ages

Before modern technology, and the advent of cars, there were castles, catapults, and horse drawn carts. There were as well kingdoms, and with kingdoms came kings, and with kings came politics, conflict, war, and regicide. The King, throughout history, and in modern times, was believed to be the sole ruler of a country, having the final word on all that happened within the bounds of their kingdom. This has indeed been authoritative since Cain was cast out of his home, and he established the city of Chanoch, all the way to the ancient rulers of Babylon.The rulers, emperors, and kings reigned with sovereignty, and their go away was rarely questioned, hitherto while some of them reigned fire and brimstone on their people, murdering them, and pillaging their homes. This was the power of a king, unquestioning loyalty from servants, guards, and massive amounts of infantrymen and calvary. Whether they ruled through terror, or did terrible things for the good of their country, was a matt er of the nature bearing the crown.There have been times in history, as noted in numerous books, where those who are held to be honorable have been forced to perform a seemingly distasteful act for the greater good, even if the true motives arent with the good of his people, such as Blan back toothdrins, a knight as noted in the tune of Roland 2, who spoke these words Stand honour bound, and do him fealty. circularize hostages, should he demand positive(predicate)ty, Ten or a score, our loyal oath to bind Send him our sons, the first-born of our wives An he be slain, Ill surely furnish mine.Better by far they go, though doomed to die, Than that we lose honour and dignity, And be ourselves brought down to beggary. 3 In the forward paragraph, an excerpt from a major literary work written in the time, we see that in those times, the welfare of a nation outweighed the welfare of a a couple of(prenominal) simple farmers or peasants, which lies in great contrast to the world of tod ay. This is not an indicator of evil as evil today is defined by laws and morals that have been put in place by modern men, or better men as some would believe.However the morality in that time was a completely different story, and right or wrong exactly cannot be applied. The general public would not mind such a sacrifice, as it is for the greater good, and a good king will do anything for his country, to ensure that everything and everyone manages to survive. A good king will maintain relations with foreign nations to bring in supplies, and trade. Such was demonstrated by Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, the king of France from the year 768, till he died in 814, and was widely regarded as The Father of Europe.Throughout his reign, with his diplomacy toward other nations, and his free-hearted treatment of foreigners4. It is not uncommon for a king, should he care about his people, to build great structures, and to give to the poor, as St. Louis of France did, noted if the Life of St. Louis He began indeed to build and found hospitals or houses for poor people to lie in, edified minsters of religion, and gave yearly to other poor sufferers in divers places in the realm untold money, pecunies or silver. He founded many convents of the order of friars preachers, and to many otherpoor religious builded churches, cloisters, dortoirs, and other edifices convenable, gave for God largely alms to the blind, beguines, daughters of God, and releved the minster of many a poor nunnery.. 5 The king of a nation will be highly educated, his language, and articulation will be high above that of a normal peasant, and as such he will be seen as an extremely intelligent person, worthy of ruling a kingdom, though if he is a good king, he will concern himself much with the people, giving them food, clothing, and shelter, the basic necessities above all else.He will also hold true to the religion of the land, ensuring that he follows the laws, and demands that others do as well. Whereof it befell that a citizen of Paris who sinful swearing had blasphemed Jesus Christ, against the act or statute royal, which Saint Louis by the counsel of the prelates and princes had ordained and made for the swearers and blasphemers, at the commandment of the said saint he was marked or tokened, at the lips of him with a hotand burning iron, in sign of punition of his sin, and terror and dreadfulness to all others 7 The role of a king can change greatly over the years, in times of peace caring for the people would be as simple as building structures, proving clothing, and making sure all are fed. In times of war the job becomes dangerous, as the king must see to it that the country is defended, and that all are safe, even if that elbow room making sacrifices.As fate would have it, the role of the king changed dramatically in France, around the time of Childeric III, of the Merovingian family among whom the French chose their kings for generations, when Childerics p osition was taken over by Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, who became Mayor of the Palace, making all the vital decisions of the king, who simply sat on the throne and made no real decisions, only saying what he was told to say, even to dignitaries and ambassadors who came from near and far to seek his counsel.This lasted until the Roman Pontiff, Stephen II deposed Childeric, and Pepin took over the matters of the palace, both home and abroad7. These are the events that led up to the era of Charlemagne, a well-disposed era for the European continent. This is but one example of the extreme measures one must go to, in order to ensure the safety of a kingdom, even at the risk of ones own life. So what does all this mean? In short, the role of a king is more than being comfortable in the position, and simply ruling.A king, being solely in charge of a nation, in most cases, must not only care for the people, he must also visualise his back, and ensure everything is being done pr operly, lest someone steal the throne from him, and the title of king takes on an entirely new meaning. As new technology becomes available, in the areas of plumbing, food, aqua ducts, lighting, and especially architecture, the king should do his best, if possible, to make sure that it is available to his people in some form or another.New architecture could mean safer buildings, or more stable foundations, which translates into fewer structural collapses, and therefore fewer deaths. After all, while a king may resolve to sacrifice men for the involvement of peace, a king shouldnt be eager to watch his citizens die needlessly The role of the king is complicated, and our only means of understanding it, is the stories, and documents which have been passed down, to give us a glimpse into the past, but what we can ascertain, is that the role itself implied danger, and that the world survived such as it is now, is to be credited to those great men.

Management Programme Term-End Examination

December, 2005 MS95 (S) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR MANAGEMENT DECISIONS condemnation 3 hours Maximum Marks 100 (Weightage 70%) Note (i) This paper contains two sections, Section A and B. Section A contains five questions. Attempt any four questions from this section. Section B is compulsory (ii) statistical tables may be depictd. (iii) Use of own non-programmable calculator is allowed. SECTION A 1. A local supermarket has experienced a decline in unit sales and little change in rupee place sales.Profits have almost vanished. The chief executive in searching for ways to revitalize the operation, was advised to contrivement the number of hours the market is open for business. He comes to you for advice in structuring a research problem that will provide pertinent information for decision making, Define the research problem taking care to (15) (a) state the pertinent question. (b) enumerate the alternative answers. (c) clearly define the units of analysis and characteristics of interest. 2. A sample may be grown yet worthless because it is not random or it may be random but treacherous because it is small. Comment upon the above statement and explain the importance of sampling in daily life. (15) 3. What do you see by factor analysis ? Mention the purpose and uses of factor analysis. (15) 4. What are the seven elements of communication, which are relevant for making a showing ? Discuss. (15) 5. Write short notes on any three of the following (15) (a) target characteristics and Inferred characteristics (b) Editing of primary data c) Operating and Strategic decisions (d) Ordinal Scale (e) Audio-visual aids in presentation of reports SECTION B 6. Describe the semantic differential scale. Use the semantic differential technique to develop the profile of three television manufacturing companies in India. (20) 7. A random sample of 30 students obtained the following label in a class test (20) Test the hypothesis that their median score is more than 50. 58 55 25 32 26 85 44 80 33 72 10 42 15 46 64 39 38 30 36 65 72 46 54 36 89 94 25 74 66 29

Election 2013

Three Debatable Issues On November 6, 2012 the Statesns leave conduct the opportunity to decide on the next President, current President, Barack Obama or deal Romney. There are iii study issues being debated during the 2012 election, which are like raise marriage, abortion and healthcare. for apiece one candidate has an opposite military position on each issue being discussed. One of the hot freeing issues is same windual practice marriage. In 1996, Congress passed the denial of Marriage Act, which outlaws same trip marriage, and marrow amid two men or two women. afoot(predicate)ly ten states eitherow same sex marriage basketball team states recognize civil union and six have domestic partnerships. The election of 2012 will allow voters in eighteen states to decide on weather to add or ban same sex marriage. Obama is accessory on same sex marriage. Internally he struggles due to his Christian and social beliefs, however he publicly announced his instant on May 9, 2012. Obama, as our current President, doesnt support the Defense of Marriage Act. He has tell his administration to stop defending the act in Courts. Romney is against same sex marriage.He believes marriage is between and cleaning lady and a man, going back 3000 years ago. He feels same sex marriage would destroy America and its youth. He is very supportive of Jones2 the Federal Marriage Amendment, which prohibits same sex marriage. Another major deciding issue is Abortion. Abortion is the purging of an unhatched fetus, by select or accident, in a womans womb. Abortion is a very highly debated as it touches on ones full to live and ones right to decide. In 1973 the lordly Court ruled a woman has the right to abort her pregnancy.Romney is Pro-life, which rejects the idea of abortions based on religious, clean-living and ethnic grounds. He supports the rights of the unborn child. He previously supported a womans right to decide, however now is against abortions unless(prenomina l) rap, incest or to save a sustains life is involved. Obama is Pro-Choice, which takes away the governments date or influence and allows the bring to put one over the choice. He believes the government should not intrude on snobbish family matter. The choice is given to mother to make this decision. Lastly, an issue that affects all Americans is levyes.Taxes are predetermined of money that each somebody has to pay on revenue-gene directd money. Romney supports a budget that will cut taxes for the middle class, wad earing less than 200,000 a year, and individuals aged sixty five or older. He also proposes that he will dispatch taxes on interest, dividends and capital gains, which will in turn results in more than money for the middle class. He will also move back the death tax, in which he states makes no sense a all. Current President Obama wants to work to make the tax fairer to the middle class and eliminate loopholes for the wealthy class.He is in party favor of progr essive tax system, which simplifies the tax code. This will allow for a more equal tax rate as currently people who make less money Jones3 could end up paying more in taxes than a wealthier person or family. Whether you agree or disagree with the issues stated previously, same sex marriage, abortion or taxes we all have a choice to make. Each candidate has strong opponent views against each other. These topics can call on a deal breaker for how our American people vote.Election 2013Three Debatable Issues On November 6, 2012 Americans will have the opportunity to decide on the next President, current President, Barack Obama or Mitt Romney. There are three major issues being debated during the 2012 election, which are same sex marriage, abortion and healthcare. Each candidate has an opposite stance on each issue being discussed. One of the hot button issues is same sex marriage. In 1996, Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act, which outlaws same sex marriage, and union between t wo men or two women.Currently ten states allow same sex marriage five states recognize civil union and six have domestic partnerships. The election of 2012 will allow voters in eighteen states to decide on weather to add or ban same sex marriage. Obama is supportive on same sex marriage. Internally he struggles due to his Christian and social beliefs, however he publicly announced his endorsement on May 9, 2012. Obama, as our current President, doesnt support the Defense of Marriage Act. He has directed his administration to stop defending the act in Courts. Romney is against same sex marriage.He believes marriage is between and woman and a man, going back 3000 years ago. He feels same sex marriage would destroy America and its youth. He is very supportive of Jones2 the Federal Marriage Amendment, which prohibits same sex marriage. Another major deciding issue is Abortion. Abortion is the purging of an unborn fetus, by choice or accident, in a womans womb. Abortion is a very highly debated as it touches on ones right to live and ones right to decide. In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled a woman has the right to abort her pregnancy.Romney is Pro-life, which rejects the idea of abortions based on religious, moral and ethnic grounds. He supports the rights of the unborn child. He previously supported a womans right to decide, however now is against abortions unless rap, incest or to save a mothers life is involved. Obama is Pro-Choice, which takes away the governments involvement or influence and allows the mother to make the choice. He believes the government should not intrude on private family matter. The choice is given to mother to make this decision. Lastly, an issue that affects all Americans is taxes.Taxes are predetermined of money that each person has to pay on revenue-generated money. Romney supports a budget that will cut taxes for the middle class, people earing less than 200,000 a year, and individuals aged sixty five or older. He also proposes that he w ill remove taxes on interest, dividends and capital gains, which will in turn results in more money for the middle class. He will also remove the death tax, in which he states makes no sense a all. Current President Obama wants to work to make the tax fairer to the middle class and eliminate loopholes for the wealthy class.He is in favor of progressive tax system, which simplifies the tax code. This will allow for a more equal tax rate as currently people who make less money Jones3 could end up paying more in taxes than a wealthier person or family. Whether you agree or disagree with the issues stated previously, same sex marriage, abortion or taxes we all have a choice to make. Each candidate has strong opposing views against each other. These topics can become a deal breaker for how our American people vote.

Group decision making essay Essay

Introduction.Managers in todays business environment are face upd with numerous often-unplanned events that require conclusiveness-making. In the past it was more common for a passenger car to fix the course of save individu entirelyy or at bottom formal hosts.Important findings in the business circle are at a snip deemed too risky or important to be made entirely by one person. A manager must(prenominal) dupek the right advice from several several(predicate) sources.Today it is often common for galore(postnominal) managers to seek involvement from lower level employees in the decision making process whenever it suffer be done.However it is not always possible just to ask a colleague what they should do. Most decisions exit require a process of a greater degree of subordinate participation these decisions heap be made through a concoction of different ways much(prenominal) as committees, task bases, departmental participation and so forth.It is said that makin g decisions in a root entirelyows for every angle to be looked at and every possible root word to be created with every decision from a root word whirl the best ascendent this method of decision making.However like legion(predicate) techniques it has its positives and negatives.It can be time consuming and may not offer an answer to the occupation that satisfies everyone.This essay hopes to discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of radical decision-making using several theories and both(prenominal) real life case studies.We will see how participation in decision-making affects companies decisions we will look at several helpful models i.e. vroom-jago model and all referencing it to real life situations and quotes from noted persons in the fieldCircumstances Of Group decision.Managers as part of their job are faced with m whatever decisions in which they convey to undertake, it is up to the managers themselves to decide in what kind of way they want to make the dec ision and solve the problem. However groups can offer an essential feature in decision making for an organisation. As Coghlan points outMembership of teams and groups shape perception and participation in organisational switch.. Groups and teams play a key bureau in the process of planned organisational change. The change process typically involves teams in the organisationals hierarchy responding to the change agenda and adapting to it in terms of its tasks and processes (Coghlan)Coghlan statement clearly surpasss us to believe that groups are critical in making important direction changing decisions for the company.Evidence supports this statement and we will look at this a little later as we discuss the advantage and disadvantages.First we will look at how managers pick out about making the decision to usage group participation.A manager may decide to use group decisions in several serving and the contingency model by Vroom and Yetton as intumesce as the Vroom and Jago dec ision model can prove serviceable in helping management decide when to encourage group participation.In he contingency model by Vroom and Yetton on that point are five key management styles as described by Vroom that a manager can undertake to make decisions. This is shown in appendix 1.We can see from this that the amount of participation that a manager involves in a decision varies greatly. It would not be logical for managers to alwaysinvolve group decision-making on smaller problems such as whether to refund a customer (if it was something worth 10) this would be a waste of time and resources for the company and could easy be dealt with on the stop with a programmed decision by the staff.Group decisions as described by Coghlan can be very useful for important or company changing problems or opportunities. It would not be wise to let one person decide whether to invest 4 billions pounds to merge with another company. This is a case when it would be wise for the company to go f or the style as vroom described as decision style GII i.e. where you share a problem with your subordinates as a group and implement any solution that has the entire support of the group.The Vroom and Jago decision model goes onto produce a decision tree for choosing a appropriate decision-making method.This decision tree allows the gutter to move along the branches by answering the questions at each point. This leads to one of the five decision making styles as described in the Vroom Yetton model. However it has to be said that this model as intimately as models in general are neither right nor wrong they must be seen as guidelines or as a reference. However the Vroom-Yetton, Jago model must be seen as a useful tool in the aid of decision-making although it is not perfect.Looking at appendix 2 we can see that the model looks a little complex even once you reach the starting point QR we can see that the model is simply a set of high, low yes, no answers that guide you to an event ual decision style. This model has been criticized as being not perfect. However it is not possible for me to say these critics are not right or wrong only this model is neither. However support is growing for this model as more shells of its uses come to light.Advantages, Disadvantages To Group Participation.In todays empowered work places managers involve all workers in decision making as a rule rather than choice. However companies must sympathise thatparticipative decision-making does has its disadvantages as well as it obvious advantages.It is seen that in business two heads are better than one. This can be true in some circumstances as it offers an advantage in terms of oblation a boarder perspective to establish the problem and sort out its causes and effects. It excessively modifys the company to have more ability and facts at its disposal therefore allowing for greater scope to sort out any potentially tricky problem.Group sermon leads to the evaluation and correction of possible decisions, plus group discussion also helps to back up and support a decision that an individual may not handle to take on his or her own due to the risk involved.And finally group discussion allows for more satisfaction from the workers, as they feel involved with the project and decision that their work place is taking.Group decisions however can tend to be time consuming, everyone must be consulted on the problem and then they must all find the time to jointly diagnose the problem and decide a solution.Groups may also have the problem of not using the best solution for the problem, although the group discussion allows for more ideas some members may not agree on the best solution and therefore a comprise solution will have to be used to seduce group wide acceptance. A boarder ostentation of this would be the risky shift phenomenon, this suggests that instead of groups taking fewer risks and making safer decisions the reverse is often the case. at that place is a t endency for groups to make more risky decisions than an individual may take. Another point is that lot inclined to make risks are more influential within the group than say the more fusty members, therefore good ideas could be lost.Group think is another problem that must be considered within a group. Groupthink tells us that pressures on individual members to conform and reach consensus mean that minority or unpopular ideas maybe suppressed. Members who oppose the group are stereotyped as being weak, stupid, and argumentative. As People may not wish to question any ideas of the group, bad ideas may filter through. ace other big problem to group think as see we see in the example of Napster is that it can lead to a inherent morality of the group which in turn can lead to members to be convinced of the logical correctness of what it is doing and to ignore ethical or moral consequences of decisions ( more harsher examples of groupthink would be Pearl harbour, Vietnam, Mullins99)The final problem is people do not feel the same sense of obligation for group decisions or their outcomes. A decision which is everyones is the responsibility of no one(Mullins,98)An example of disadvantages of group decision-making and group think can be seen by www.napster.com. Even when it was clear that their practice of providing free mp3s of the latest musical material was wrong they decided as a group in the face of the courts to continue their practice. This was because their group norms supported them doing so and that they were the most sought after website on the Internet. However group members of Napster had to compromise all their values so as to keep dissent and as there was no clear reasonability everyone agreed to this illegal practice. If some members would have voiced their concerns and beliefs earlier in the process and station an end to the practice before the courts took over they could have save themselves much time and money.However lets go back to advantages of group decision-making and look at the techniques used to promote it and stimulate creativity.Management have recognise that encouraging employee participation in solving problems can be extremely advantageous toward the company. Frontline workers are constantly in touch with the needs, wants and concerns of the companies customers, it allows them fuller insight into how to possibly solve problemsthat concern the companys consumer base.When I first worked at Matalan they operated a system by where you could post any ideas you had on how to improve the accomplishment of the store and its service to the customers. If you idea was put into practice you would receive a financial reward. This system reliable many replies and allowed for many improvements to be implemented around many Matalan stores.There are many different ways in which can pursue employee participation. The most common and well-k todayn participation tool would be brainstorming.Brainstorming is a decision-making te chnique in which group members present spontaneous ideas and suggestions for solving the problem concerned. It allows any ideas regardless of how impractical they may seem. This in turn hopefully promotes freer and more creative mentation. Brain storming deeds on involving everyone, and encouraging communication, listening, and information sharing in the hope that it maximises ideas/possible solutions to problems and also minimises the risk of overlook any points of the problem under question.An advancement of the brainstorming technique is the Delphi technique this is based on unidentified inputs from individual members of the group and then management assess the responses until a consensus is reached. This can be time consuming but overcomes the limitations of brainstorming and the systems of group think.Now Lets take for example many common marketing departments it is now commonplace for them to have basketball hoops, televisions, computers games, and other stimuli within the room. Management hope this will promote a relaxed environment within the group in the hope that it will allow for more creative thinking and brainstorming within the marketing groupOther techniques used for group decision making include signing a devils advocate. The devils advocate challenges the assumptions and assertions made by the group to prevent any premature consensus. (Daft,00) This it hopesforces the team who created the idea to solve the problem to examine and explain any risks that maybe associated with it.Another similar cash advance would be multiple advocacy. Multiple advocacy, involves several advocates and allows for the presentation of several different points of view on the idea in question. It allows minority and unpopular opinions, decisions are therefore based on solid augment and the arrest of all the pros and cons.Conclusion.As we can see there are circumstances where group decisions are more necessary than others and it is up to the managers to decide wh ich situations would be best to involve group decision. Although the decision of when to involve group decisions is entirely up to the manager there are models available such as vroom to help give guidance should they need it.Group participation offers a variety of different advantages for solving problems and tasks. It allows for the group as a whole to participate toward solving the task and allows for more creative thinking than would be given by an individual. Groups cover all angles of a problem and enable any ideas to be looked at in detail before being implemented.However like all good things it has its disadvantages. Group participation includes such problems as groupthink and risky-shift phenomenon. These tell us that support can be given to ideas just to enable group harmony or because individuals dont wont to gain a reputation. It also includes the point that people inclined to take risks are more influential within the group.Whatever the disadvantages and advantages of g roup participation and performance, groups will always form part of the pattern of work organisation. It is provided a matter of judgement for the manager as to when, and how best, to use groups in the execution of work.

ABC Analysis for Inventory Management Essay

In supply chain, ABC abbreviation is an inventory categorization method which harps in dividing items into three categories, A, B and C A being the around valuable items, C being the least valuable ones. This method aims to engross managers vigilance on the critical few (Aitems) and not on the trivial umteen (C-items).Prioritization of the management attention Inventory optimization is critical in magnitude to keep bes under control at bottom the supply chain. Yet, in order to get the most from management efforts, it is efficient to focus on items that cost most to the business.The P beto principle states that 80% of the everywhere whole consumption prize is based on only 20% of numerate items. In separate words, demand is not evenly distri anded between items top sellers vastly beat out the light.The ABC approach states that, when reviewing inventory, a company should rate items from A to C, basing its ratings on the fol measlying rulesA-items are goods which yearboo k consumption value is the highest. The top 70-80% of the yearly consumption value of the company typic exclusivelyy accounts for only 10-20% of total inventory items.C-items are, on the contrary, items with the lowest consumption value. The lower 5% of the annual consumption value typically accounts for 50% of total inventory items.B-items are the interclass items, with a medium consumption value. Those 15-25% of annual consumption value typically accounts for 30% of total inventory items.The annual consumption value is calculated with the formula (Annual demand) x (item cost per unit of measurement).Through this categorization, the supply manager can identify inventory hot spots, and separate them from the rest of the items, especially those that are numerous but not that profitable.The following steps will explain to you the compartmentalization of items into A, B and C categories. 1. Find out the unit cost and and the usage of each material over a given period. 2. Multiply the unit cost by the estimated annual usage to obtain the exculpate value. 3. List out all the items and arrange them in the descending value. (Annual Value) 4. Accumulate value and add up number of items and calculate percentage on total inventory in value and in number.5. bleed a curve of percentage items and percentage value.6. Mark off from the curve the rational limits of A, B and C categories.eCommerce exampleThe graph above illustrates the yearly sales distribution of a US eCommerce in 2011 for all products that have been sold at least one. Products are ranked starting with the highest sales al-Qurans. Out of 17000 references conduce 2500 products (Top 15%) represent 70% of the sales.Next 4000 products (Next 25%) represent 20% of the sales.Bottom 10500 products (Bottom 60%) represents 10% of the sales.Inventory management policiesPolicies based on ABC analysis leverage the sales imbalance depict by the Pareto principle. This implies that each item should receive a weighed tr eatment corresponding to its class A-items should have compressed inventory control, more(prenominal) secured storage areas and better sales forecasts. Reorders should should be frequent, with weekly or even day-after-day reorder. Avoiding stock-outs on A-items is a priority.Reordering C-items is made less frequently. A typically inventory policy for C-items consist of having only 1 unit on hand, and of reordering only when an actual purchase is made. This approach leads to stock-out space after each purchase which can be an acceptable situation, as the C-items present both low demand and high risk of excessive inventory costs. For C-items, the question is not so much how many units do we broth? but rather do we even keep this item in store?B-items benefit from an intermediate status between A and C. An important aspect of class B is the supervise of potential evolution toward class A or, in the contrary, toward the class C.Splitting items in A, B and C classes is relatively arbitrary. This grouping only represents a rather straightforward interpretation of the Pareto principle. In practice, sales volume is not the only metric that weighs the importance of an item. Margin but also the impact of a stock-out on the business of the client should also influence the inventory strategy. Procurement and Warehouse ApplicationsThe emergences of an ABC Analysis inflate into a number of other inventory control and management processes1. Review of stocking levels As with investments, past results are no guarantee of future performance. However, A items will generally have great impact on projected investment and purchasing spend, and therefore should be managed more aggressively in terms of nominal and maximum inventory levels.Obsolescence review By definition, inactive items will fall to the bottom of the prioritized list. Therefore, the bottom of the C category is the best place to start when performing a periodic obsolescence review. 2. Cycle counting The higher the usage, the more activity an item is likely to have, hence the greater likelihood that transaction issues will result in inventory errors. Therefore, to ensure accurate record balances, higher priority items are cycle counted more frequently. Generally A items are counted once every quarter B items once every 6 months and C items once every 12 months.3. Identifying items for potential consignment or vendor stocking Since A items draw to have a greater impact on investment, these would be the best candidates to investigate the potential for selection stocking arrangements that would reduce investment liability and associated carrying costs.4. Turnover ratios and associated inventory goals By definition, A items will have greater usage than B or C items, and as a result should have greater swage ratios. When establishing investment and turnover metrics, inventory data can be segregated by ABC classification, with dissimilar targets for each category. Definition of Inv entory TurnoverA ratio showing how many times a companys inventory is sold and replaced over a period. thePeriodic ReviewTo make the most effective use of ABC classifications, the analysis should be completed at least on an annual basis, and more often as necessary.Other Inventory Classification TechniquesHML ClassificationsThe High, medium and Low (HML) classification follows the same(p) procedure as is adopted in ABC classification. Only difference is that in HML, the classification unit value is the criterion and not the annual consumption value. The items of inventory should be listed in the descending order of unit value and it is up to the management to fix limits for three categories. For examples, the management may decide that all units with unit value of Rs. 2000 and above will be H items, Rs. honey oil to 2000 M items and less than Rs. 1000 L items. The HML analysis is useful for keeping control over consumption at departmental levels, for decision making the frequency of physical verification, and for controlling purchases. VED ClassificationWhile in ABC, classification inventories are classified on the basis of their consumption value and in HML analysis the unit value is the basis, criticality of inventories is the basis for vital, inwrought and desirable categorization.The VED analysis is done to determine the criticality of an item and its effect on production and other services. It is specially used for classification of spare parts. If a part is vital it is given V classification, if it is essential, thus it is given E classification and if it is not so essential, the part is given D classification. For V items, a large stock of inventory is generally maintained, while for D items, minimum stock is enough.SDE ClassificationThe SDE analysis is based upon the availability of items and is very useful in the context of scarcity of supply. In this analysis, S refers to remarkable items, generally imported, and those which are in short supply. D refers to difficult items which are available indigenously but are difficult items to procure. Items which have to develop from distant places or for which reliable suppliers are difficult to come by fall into D category. E refers to items which are easy to acquire and which are available in the local markets.The SDE classification, based on problems faced in procurement, is vital to the lead time analysis and in deciding on purchasing strategies.FSN AnalysisFSN stands for fast moving, slow moving and non-moving. Here, classification is based on the pattern of issues from stores and is useful in controlling obsolescence. To carry out an FSN analysis, the date of receipt or the resist date of issue, whichever is later, is taken to determine the number of months, which have lapsed since the last transaction. The items are usually separate in periods of 12 months.FSN analysis is helpful in identifying active items which need to be reviewed regularly and redundant items which hav e to be examined further. Non-moving items may be examined further and their disposal can be considered.