An African American Fight for Respect Essay Example for Free

An African American Fight for Respect EssayFor thousands of years women have been fighting for many things, one of the most important macrocosm honor. Some people may think respect for a woman is simply holding the door for her as she walks through, pulling her chair step up for her onwards she is seated, or maybe just standing when she leaves the table but respect is so much more than that. Respect is a feeling of deep perplexity for someone elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements. Respect is a feeling that cannot just be given to someone, it is a feeling that must be earned, fought for, or rewarded. For the African American woman, respect did not come by so easily no matter how hard they fought or even if they earned it. Examples of the African American woman fighting for her respect, has once upon a time been one of the many al-Qaidas during all literary periods. The ii works that I chose have the equivalent theme of respect. The literary pieces atomic number 18 Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston and The Color Purple by Alice pram. These devil works show the same theme of respect for sable women and the struggle for it from men.Though both stories have comparisons that could go on for days, they just as well have their differences by the way the handle the theme of respect. Alice Walker has been writing stories and poetry for many years. As a graduate of Spelman College she was given great opportunities and was given a solid education. Womens rights and respect has always been two topics close to Alices heart. It has been said, that Alice Walker expresses the struggles of b inadequacy people, particularly women, and their go throughs in a racist, sexist, and violent society. Her writings also lean more towards the roles of black women through shade and history.On March 3, 2008 Alice Walker was arrested on International Womens Day for crossing the police line at a rally in breast of The White House. Walker has set a standard and h as never had any need or want to change it. Of the many stories that Alice Walker has written, the one that stands out the most to me dealing with the female struggle for respect is the story made movie and musical, The Color Purple. The Color Purple, is a story written in 1982 that has win multiple awards and recognitions for its not so classy taste and realistic views.Some of these awards being from the Blue Ribbon Awards, Black Movie Awards, Golden Globe Awards, eleven nominations during the Oscars, and plenty more. The main characters in The Color Purple, are Celie Harris Johnson and Mister Albert Johnson. Celie has been abused since she was just a young girl she had two children by her father Leonard and she is forced to marry Albert, a young widower, by the age of fourteen. During her years of being married to Albert, she is taunted, disrespected, beaten, and abused up until she turns her life around when she meets Shug Avery, a well-known Jazz singer, who comes to live wi th the couple.Shug takes it upon herself to help Celie raise her self-confidence so she can not only stand up to her husband and demand respect, but to feel beautiful well-nigh herself inside and out. By the end of the story, Celie stands up to Avery and is finally reconnected with the family that was once taken away from her. Another great black female author who proudly carries the theme of respect in her stories is Zora Neale Hurston. Hurston, a graduate of Howard University, was a well-known author during the Harlem Renaissance.Hurston is most known for her famous literary piece entitled, Their Eyes Were Watching beau ideal which caught the eyes of readers around the world. Like Alice Walker, Zora Neale Hurston has also won multiple awards for her fabulous novels, short stories, and poems. The story Sweat written by Zora Neale Hurston takes place in a small all black town located near Orlando, Florida. This story, like many others with disrespect towards the wife, starts off wi th husband Sykes taunting his wife Delia by tricking her into thinking that the whip he throws over her shoulders is a snake, knowing she is deadly terrified of them.Throughout the story, Delia deals with infidelity, abuse, rumors, and taunting from her husband. Towards the end of the story, her husband buys a rattlesnake and refuses to take it dressing where he found it from, knowing his wife is terrified. In the end, that very snake gets loose, bites, and kills him Delia stands their watching him die. The website articlemyriad. com states The reader can speculate on whether or not Delia was in any case afraid to move to get help for her husband, but it is the general consensus that she purposefully let him die.While you could argue both, if you are going to contend that she was just afraid, youd better take a closer look at the text before trying to defend your point. One of the greatest comparisons in this story is the lack of respect the husbands have for their wives, a marr iage is supposed to be filled with trust, respect, love, and honesty, all of which the two marriages in The Color Purple and Sweat lacked. Although there are many comparisons, there were also contrasts in the two stories, although not exactly easy to find with a closed mind.A contrast in these two stories to me that stood out the most were the personalities of the two wives in the stories. In The Color Purple, Celie is abused and taken advantage of, but holds a quiet tongue until the end Delia in Sweat is abused and taken advantage of , but she always speaks her mind and portrays her true feelings towards something. With these two stories I felt it was good to have the personalities of the women who wanted respect to be completely different so that I could compare and contrast just a bit more clearly.One was more hidden and kept feelings to herself, the other more outgoing and stronger like all women should be. In conclusion, respect for women, especially blacks, has been a subject that will always be discussed and fought for. Zora Neale Hurston and Alice Walker expound the struggle for respect in many similar and different ways. I stated earlier that for thousands of years women have been fighting for many things, one of the most important being respect and that respect was a feeling that cannot just be given to someone, it is a feeling that must be earned, fought for, or rewarded.I am proud of the long way that not only African American women have come, but women all race and I am rejoicing to have such profound women to look up to. Women in the past who have fought for our rights set a high standard for the rest of us to constitute and I look forward to doing just so. Works Cited 1. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature Second Edition Henry Louis Gates Jr. Nellie Y. McKay.

Professional Sports Team Essay Example for Free

Professional Sports Team EssayThe existing financial crisis has resulted to the economic imbalance. It has threatened and influenced numerous industries not totally banking institutions but also the sports constancy as well. Understanding how the economic crisis might shit affected the sports industry is quite unfathomable, as on the exterior, there seems to be no associations between the economy and the sports industry. However, the situation sports team are in at the moment reveals how the financial crisis has also become a let blue for the sports industry.Apparently, the demand for sports as a means of entertainment has dwindled as individuals needed to allocate their resources judiciously and responsibly. The economic crisis has caused layoffs and unemployment, and the inability of organizations to increase or maintain the profits of their employees. Due to these situations, individuals have realized the importance of spending money wisely, according to need and priori ty. The lack of resources that individuals are now experiencing led them to neglect entertainment and different superficialities, as opposed to the need to provide for basic needs and requirements.As the chief executive of the NBA New Jersey Nets, Brett Yormack, has said the competition within the sports industry has gravitated to include other goods and services that are external to what or who sports groups or teams are usually competing with. The goods and services beingness provided by the sports industry is now competing with other industries that provide the most urgent needs of man. Sports groups and teams have realized that they cannot gain profit from contemporary means, much(prenominal) as television tie-ups for subscription, but only on conventional approaches such as ticket trading.However, the main problem is that although the sports industry is keen on selling tickets for profit, the inquiry of success still leans towards the capacity of individuals to honorarium for tickets. The sports industry addressed this issue by implementing a scheme that is much more convenient for people the buy-now pay-later scheme and therefore, enticing and motivating for individuals to catch the bait. another(prenominal) economic crisis impact is the restructuring of the sports industry.The diminishing profit of the industry has forced it to cut down on expenses in order to survive the economic turmoil. Some institutions have decided to layoff their employees in order to cut back on expenses being provided for its human capital. The issues aforementioned are in discussion of the implications of the economic crisis on the topical anaesthetic sports industry. However, the more serious issue has something to do with the impact of the financial slump on the sports industry on the national level.Sports groups, teams, and establishments are at risk for being stripped of funding, as the national government, like the people, is considering the allocation of resources judiciously such that the most important concerns will be provided for against the lighter requirements. For instance, funding for the maintenance of football fields will be in the least priority, as other issues such as health care and public safety weighs heavier in toll of benefits and contributions to society.The sports industry is starting to fall apart altogether since the impact of the financial crisis has started to take its toll on the success of the institution. Perhaps it will be embarrassing to expect changes in the future concerning improvements or developments in the sports industry, not unless the economic crisis is resolved. Surely, the state of the economy is a strong force that relatively influences other institutions such as the sports industry.

Foreign Policy Essay Example for Free

Foreign Policy EssayThis paper seeks to analyze and discuss American Foreign Policy in relation to globalization. This paper will complicate a review of the history behind the issue being debated and its relevance to American foreign policy and will be followed by a compend of the arguments in favor of the American foreign policy and the last will attempt to make on personal opinion or conclusion on the issues discussed. 2. Analysis and Discussion 2. 1. Review of History on American Policy and world(prenominal)ization It may be stated that the primary historical process that has modify intertheme relation in the recent prehistoric is globalization. Globalization is not a new development it has been progressing for most of hu homophile history Globalization is the integration of human activity across geographic space. This c everywheres many argonas of human activity including, social and cultural contact, environment, and stintings. (University of Arizona, 2007), It is a pro cess and not an event as it continues to canvas place across time. It is also multidirectional and not smooth as it could progress and retreat as may be seen by the fact that some areas are more affected than others.However, it affects all actors in international relations, save with different consequences. Globalization in the modern era, for purposes of simplicity is divided into several categories as follows economic, social, cultural, military, and environmental (University of Arizona, 2007) As a result foreign policy which a realm in politics affects and is affected by all these areas. It may also be discovered that all five areas are driven by technology. As communications, transportation, and production technologies improve it becomes easier to interact across geographic space.This could be illustrated or observed in the industrial revolution spread a new form of production that has made transportation and communication easier via rail and water transport. This also caused the creation of control of particular resources that are vital for military security such as in the case of coal, iron, and others (University of Arizona, 2007). Global integration has accelerated in fits and starts for the past 150 years with the World Bank having focused on economic integration and which has identified three waves of globalization.The first wave covers the period 1854 to 1914 and is characterized by (a) industrial revolution and colonialism both economically and militarily thus causing the integration of the global prudence that came from the integrated colonial systems at a lower place European, the US and Japanese control and (b) economically integrated world as felt today in terms of capital transfer and movement of persons. University of Arizona, 2007) The period between 1914 to 1945 may be considered an interregnum due to a few world wars and a depression.It must be stated however that the IMF was born on December 27, 1945 to address the 1930s depressio n. The IMF was ulterior found to assume more rules in globalization waves afterward World War II. The second wave therefore is from 1945 1973, where the following are observed (a) economic integration resumes, but under divided conditions (b) integration of Soviet bloc in a command economy system and of US bloc under the Bretton Woods System and (c) integration of the Western bloc causing it to become generally market-driven (University of Arizona, 2007).The third wave of globalization is the post 1973 era ,where the following events could be observed (a) the East-West division which started strongly and only to fade in the mid 1980s and to fall apart by the 1990s (b) material and big changes in production and communications technology and economic integration. The shift towards more global integration may be seen with more states opting to adopt the Western Institutions which may be explained as follows The mid 1980s saw the tide turning to the US in the Cold War and (b) more fr eedom was made attainable as the US block has become very free.This particular wave is characterized also by the emergence of market-driven integration, hence one could see the integration of the global economy spreading further to a much larger part of the world, and thus accelerated after the Cold War ends (University of Arizona, 2007). It is from this wave that the World Trade system came into existence on the basis of the conduct of its negations finished the so called rounds as the Uruguay Round has commenced in September 1986 and has continued until April 1994. WTOs current works basically started from these negation and there were subsequent ones and have until today.2. 2 Summary of arguments in favor of globalization Democracy presupposes free enterprise and free enterprise could only be back bone of globalization hence for US to support globalization it must support commonwealth not only in its country but also all over the world. Given this theoretical frame, it is no t hard to appreciate the consistency of the US in supporting democracy all over the world. Even today many will readily see how the US states are showing its support for democratic nations since this best support US national evokes.It could therefore be argued that for the US, democracy is the one national interest that will help to secure all the others. Democratically governed nations would have their governments decided by the reform thinking citizens as against the whims and caprices of dictator and this would credibly secure the peace, deter aggression, expand open markets, promote economic development, protect American citizens, combat international act of terrorism and crime, uphold human and worker rights, avoid humanitarian crises and refugee flows, improve the global environment, and protect human health. (Washington Post, 2006) . The US support for democracy could be appreciated from the actors line of Former President Bill Clinton saying Ultimately, the best strateg y to ensure our security and to build a durable peace is to support the advance of democracy elsewhere. Democracies dont attack each other. (Clinton, 1994) It is believed by many that democracy is also good for business since nations that embrace political reforms using democratic principles are more likely to pursue economic reforms that improve the productivity of businesses.This could be evidenced by the fact since the mid-1980s, an increase in levels of foreign direct investment going to emerging market democracies relative to countries that have not undertaken political reforms has been recorded (Childs, 2007). The United States has maintained by its declaration about its support for democracy and human rights through several means although its commitment to human rights is doubted and questioned by human rights organizations (Satter, 2007).As regards to those who oppose globalization, it may be asked If globalization is not promoted or supported, what could be the possible a lternative? Could countries isolate themselves? One could see what happened with North Korea. At the guise to trying to show to the whole world that it cannot be made to submit to pause its nuclear program, it recently made a declaration for its need of help such as oil from the other countries and so the US was willing to alter a hand. The WTO is one of the organizations that would help promote globalization.It has the stated goal of improving the welfare of the peoples of its member countries, in bringing down plenty barriers as strong as promoting trade negotiations as it main mission is has to do with ensuring smooth and predictable trade flows This main mission is further specified in original core functions serving and safeguarding five fundamental principles, which are the foundation of the multilateral trading system (Lowenthal, Abraham ,1991), which include (a) overseeing the execution, administration and operation of the covered agreements (b) providing a assemblage for negotiations and for settling disputes.(c) reviewing the national trade policies, and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making (World Economic Outlook, 1994). WTO assists developing, least-developed and low-income countries in transition to adjust to WTO rules and is a center of economic research and analysis and cooperates closely with the IMF and the World Bank under the principles of the trading system which may be considered to promote globalization.Since the WTO also establishes a framework for trade policies but not to define or specify outcomes, it must be concerned with setting the rules of the trade policy games and part of these principles include First is nondiscrimination which includes two major components the most favored nation (MFN) rule, and the national treatment policy. Although these components are part of the main WTO rules on goods, services, and intellectual property, their precise s cope and nature still manifest variability on different e areas.The MFN rule necessitates a WTO member to apply the kindred conditions on all trade with other WTO members. When one grants someone a special favor to someone and the said country must have to do the same for all other WTO members, too. National treatment on the other hand requires that imported and locally-produced goods must be treated equally, which must start after the foreign goods have entered the market at the minimum (Wold, 1996).Another principle is reciprocity which reflects both a desire to limit the scope of free-riding that may rebel because of the MFN rule, and a desire to obtain better access to foreign markets. This must be done as requirement in terms of reciprocal concessions in order to ensure that the gain from doing so (from multilateral liberalization is better r than the gain available from unilateral liberalization intend to ensure that such gains will materialize.The person objecting to the be nefits of globalization may find it hard to contradict the existence and application of these principles and alternatives available could not be as good as asserted. Another challenging question that may be posed against the opponents of globalization is this How the problem of the environment could be solved with out a world travail that could be best helped by globalization? It may be argued that globalization promotes not only economic interactions but also social and environmental ones.Global warming is never a national problem alone. It has become a global problem that requires global attention (Gardiner, 2004). With countries forming their alliances and organizations they also make rules to protect the environment. An isolationist has therefore no place in this globe. 3. Conclusion Globalization is a phenomenon. It was not made by America. Rather it has been a natural phenomenon that the expansion of cognition has brought to mankind. Even early philosophers may have seen it birth long time ago and it still continuing.It could be reduced into simple proposition no man is an island. By the same analogy it is hard to see a country isolating itself from other countries. This could be seen in the history of mankind it self. Even those countries which were at war are now trading partners because there are more tendencies to help each other and live than killing its other. For the US therefore to go against globalization in its foreign policy would be the most inconsistent and absurd thing to happen since allied with globalization are its other interest which must also be attained.

Messages In The Songs Of Female Rappers Cultural Studies Essay

Mess eons In The Songs Of Female Rappers Cultural Studies EssayRap is considered to be a type of practice of medicine which serves as a rigorouss of expression for those who bump alienated and outraged in American society for certain understandings. tally to some scholars hep skip in America originated from disadvantaged neighborhoods and served as a voice for people of who lacked post secondary education and had difficulties in finding a job in the innovative post-industrial service sector economy.1In the early beginning chip artists rapped nigh poverty, racism and injustice. As the genre was developing, rappers would look for inspiration in early(a) aspects of their every(prenominal) life. Male/female relations pelvic girdles would appear as a common motif in their songs. As discussed in the rootage chapter misogynistic cognitive contents could be found in a slap-up shargon of male rap hits. Although rap has been fuckociated mainly as domain of men, female contri be sidesion to this genre is withal significant. Hence it is worth to experiment how their legacy contributed to the dark female image in the linked States. It is also important to note how the messages in their songs differed from those of male rap artists. In this chapter I am going to focus on the motifs of dismalamoor female identity which infiltrated the lyrics of female rap hits starting from the new-make eighties through the beginning of the twenty start-off century. I will support my analysis by referring to the works of literary black hip hop culture critics such as Tricia Rose, bell hooks, Gwendolyn D. Pough or Cheryl L. K look. The findings presented in this study will be based on the existing researches on the subject as well as my lyric interpretation of Billboards acerbic Rap Year End Charts.One of the recognized social theorists, Patricia Hill Collins, set the theory that more of the contemporary social phenomena is understood and analyzed from the European, blanched-hot male standpoint2Moreover, by this glide slope black women in particular have been perceive as non-human, commodified and objectified.3Needless to say it is important to counterbalance this approach by interpreting black womens lives from their perspective. I find artistic works of female rappers, as well as their interviews to a be a great source for such a counter analysis. Female rap artists would oftentimes identify themselves as belonging to a certain crew or would habit the spoken language as fly, side, queen, diva while describing or referring to adept other. Based on those self imposed labels Cheryl L. Keyes in her study distinguished four dominant types of female rappers hassock Mother, Fly Girl, Sista with military capability and Lesbian. These categories reflect certain images, voices and ages of African American women.4Interestingly enough rappers assigned to these groups marked their presence on the hip hop scene in this particular cabaret but, a s Keyes noted, they can swing in the midst of these teams or belong to a few concurrently.According to Keyes, the branch group queen Mothers consist mainly of early female rap pi atomic number 53ers in the 80s such as Queen Latifah, Roxanne Shante or MC Lyte. They express robust friendship to their African heritage by calling themselves Nubian queens, and vesture ethnic clothes and jewelry. The symbol of queen mother may be supposedly grow in African court tradition. Mothers of kings in many African kingdoms used to be cult objects and granted special privileges.5Queen Mothers in hip hop culture also consider themselves as strong, in seeigent black women responsible of spreading the word among the community. They discuss issues similar to their male counterparts marginalization, subjugation, and hardship of an urban life.6A theme for their concern would be also heterosexual advances of men toward women, as well as house servant violence, and male sexism. These female rappe rs tended to present black women as self assured and independent in their songs.7Similarly to male rappers they would aim to challenge racist white supremacy by their music. Whilst black males in order to empower themselves oftentimes resort to sexist notions addressed towards their female counterparts, Queen Mothers do not apply the same strategy of subordination. As the excerpts from the songs presented in the first chapter repoint, many male hip hop artists depict women me curse as sexual objects and generally cast derogatory light on them. Some black culture critics, as bell hooks, claim that male gangsta rappers engage in this behavior because women supposedly emasculate black men, negating their manhood and reducing the respect receive from others.8The critic also states that most black males lack of strong male (father) models to look up to. They are being convinced throughout their childhood that they are not destined to grow up as successful, strong, virtuous males. Inste ad they receive education how to become emotionless thugs. The author blames the mass media for perpetuating the image of a strong, angry black woman as opposed to black castrated male who is not able to provide for his family.9Other reason for that may be the fear of female sexuality, thus women must be fancyled.Queen Mothers demand respect not only for black community in general but for black women in particular. This causes a huge inner identity conflict among black women, whether to be loyal to your ethnicity and race or gender. Extending the theory of black womens lib to rap, black female rappers provide back lashing voices against male sexism and misogyny.10However being a black feminist should not mean rejection of the African heritage. The African legacy may be utilized as an additional source of strength and power in this fight. Tricia Rose in the her book, colored Noise, argues that in the late 1980s and early 1990s pioneer female rappers although refraining from callin g themselves feminist, expressed three feminist standpoints female potency, agency, and independence. They would alternatively call themselves womanists as they did not feel much connection with the predominantly white second wave feminism movement. Moreover, they felt as having been overlooked or even purposely excluded by white feminists in their struggle for female empowerment.11These artists rejected and challenged representations of women as simply sexual objects. Rose states that these artists use rap music as a platform of animosity between other female and male artists, and their audience in general.12The most noticeable Queen Mother on the hip hop scene is Dana Queen Latifah Owens. Although latifah in Arabic means effeminate, delicate and kind she proved to be also a strong and influential rap artist. At the young age of twenty one, she became well acclaimed artist. Despite her young age, her maternal behavior and mature approach to life made her to be comprehend as a Q ueen Mother. Although she would find such comparison flatter, she tried to distance herself from being labeled. She would call herself a queen because every black female is a queen to her.13The reason why Queen Latifah and other rappers have been allocated to the group of Queen Mothers may be linked to the othermothers phenomenon in black African community. Patricia Hill Collins elaborates on this notion in Black Feminist Thought. She claims that black women take a significant part in fostering of the black society in the United States. They have developed an image of a strong black woman who contribute to the whole black community well-being. The notion of motherhood in general, whether invoked by bloodmothers or othermothers, has powerful connotation.14It seems that African American community seeks for strong mother figures not only in real life but also on the hip hop scene. Queen Latifah reflects the image of othermother by taking up serious political-economic issues of the blac k community in her lyrics, as in The Evil that hands Do15where she raps about struggle of women on welfare.16Another drill of a strong political commentary is Queen Latifahs song Ladies First.17She focuses here on promoting womens splendour and clamors for their equal treatment. She raps about the need for sisterhood which prompts women to support each other. The notion of sisterhood is emphasized here by the fact that the artist collaborates with another black European female rapper, Monie Love. They feel connected with each other by the bonds of the same gender and race. This is a typical approach of women of color engaged in the Third Wave Feminist Movement in America. The concept of global sisterhood coined by the Second Wave feminists is questioned and challenged here. Black feminists manifest more connection with other women of color from different countries or countries of their origin than with white middle class women from the United States. The video to this song is als o a tribute to African American womens history featuring images of activists and abolitionists as Rosa Parks, Angela Davis, Harriet Tubman, or entrepreneurs as Madame C.J. Walker.18The video also features the image of Winnie Mandela which may serve as a commemoration of the struggle against segregation in South Africa as well as emphasis on the concept of global black sisterhood. The rappers bring back these images into the light in order to re-inspire all women of color and prove they are capable of achieving the highest goals as breaking the racism and sexism.Queen Latifah in her Grammy Award- winning song U.N.I.T.Y, as one of the first female artists not only proves of her rapping skills but also takes up the issues which divide black community. She focuses here on perpetuated hatred directed by black males toward black females.19She answers back to males who use the insult bitch in reference to women. She does so by using similar forms that are used by many of their male counter parts to denigrate women. For instance, by the use of vulgar language she reclaims those forms for women. Another pioneer rapper, MC Lyte in her song Paper Thin also makes a black female as a subject. She brings it to the center of discussion by rapping about the constrains of her intimacy and setting the rules by which she will date a man. According to Rose, the above mentioned artists messages are both emancipating and liberating for women. They rebel against the restrain of black female voices, offering counter hegemonic perspectives. Female gangsta rappers in particular, have created and imposed their own definitions of cleaning woman through their use of vulgarity, voice intonations, and sexuality.20Although most female rappers identify themselves by belonging to specific rap crews some of them would fall from one category to another or exist in many simultaneously. As an example of such a swinging artist may serve Yo Yo. The rapper and activist when perceived through the pri sm of her artistic and social work would be allocated to the group of queen mothers. Her songs are devoted to her view on the political issues and black feminism. She is the cave in of the group Intelligent Black Women Coalition (I.BW.C.) which aimed to fight against racism and sexism. Yet, Keyes claims that her style and attire would suggest she also fits the category of so called Fly Girls who gained recognition on hip hop scene mainly in the nineties. The origin of the new meaning of the word fly dates back to the sixties and seventies and describes someone wearing fancy clothes. The style has been presented in the blaxploitation movies analogous The Superfly (1972), Shaft (1971), The Mack (1973) or silken Brown (1974) and then adopted by the black youth in the eighties and nineties.21Indeed, what distinguished Fly Girls from Queen Mothers at first sight was their sense of fashion. Queen Mothers tried to affirm their eroticism that refrains from the nakedness and exposure of horse opera styles by rejection of miniskirts or high heels. Fly Girls did not fear to wear tight clothes which accentuated their sexuality. They tried to counterbalance western European beauty order by showing the beauty of black female body, accompanied by eye catching hairstyles, shiny jewelry and suggestive dancing. By doing so they made a statement against the white supremacist stamp of the black round female body being undesirable. It was their fashion style that made them not only hear but also visible. The male hip hop group the Boogie Boys describe a fly girl as Woman who wants to see her name, her game or her ability. . . she sports a lot of gold, wears tight jeans, leather miniskirts, a made up face, has voluptuous curves, but speaks her mind.22The most prolific and well pronounced Fly Girls of hip hop scene is undoubtedly the trio Salt- N- Pepa. They aspired to be acknowledged as models of real independent and successful black women of the nineties.23They reached the peak of their popularity in the early nineties by releasing controversial hits like Lets Talk About Sex (1991), What a Man(1993), or Shoop(1993). While the first mentioned hit raised awareness about safe sex, the other songs can be interpreted as manifestation on female sexuality and appraisal of men in terms of friendship, hunch over and intimate heterosexual relations. Lyrics from their popular song Aint Nuthin But a She Thing, again typify messages of their powerful womanhood Im a female, and I got it goin on /Dont be fooled by my s-e-x/It aint that simple, Im more complex/Lets keep moving forward, girls, never look back.24In this song artists are exchanging ideas with women and men in general, warning men not to rely on clichd notions of gender roles when interacting with women. They refuse to be considered as a weaker sex. They prove of their ability to work as hard as men, yet their inclination is not to empower, or emasculate men. Similarly, they are passing on the same mes sage to women while concurrently urging these women to progress, not regress, in their theorizeing and behavior. such messages permeate most of the Salt N- Pepa top hits.Many examples of the Fly Girls songs take focus on female agency in male/female relationships perceived from the womens point of view. In the chorus of her song, Whats Up Star, Suga initiates the interaction with males Whats up star, Id like to get to know who you are/Lets have drinks at the bar/And if I like what I see then the drinks is on me.25While men are usually considered to be the initiators in heterosexual relationships, here the artist takes it over and demonstrates her empowerment on this field. By doing so she violates an unwritten procedure of male-female courtship. She breaches the gendered norm of conduct. Instead of waiting for a man to approach her with an offer to buy her a drink, she would rather sit in judgment and contemplate over possible suitors. Upon positive evaluation of a potential mate she offers to buy him a drink. Another example of assuming power comes from a rapper and bass dancer, MC Luscious, who in her song Boom I Got Your Boyfriend seizes another hypothetical womens spouse gravely take him, shake him, ring him out/ Ill show your man what its all about./ So when he tells you its the end./Thats when you know I got your boyfriend.26Her use of the verbs take, shake, and ring in reference to her male lover illustrates the control that she maintains over him. She outdoes her female competitor by articulating her ability to sexually expose what the girlfriend cannot to the boyfriend, leading to the termination of the relationship. Thus, she demonstrates her control and manipulation of the lover and eventually her supremacy over the female opponent by stealing her boyfriend. Although deceitful and potentially unethical, MC Lusciouss desires, and behaviors are at the center of attention of attention in her song.27Another significant group of Fly Girls worth not icing is TLC ( Tione T-Boze Watkins, Lisa Left-Eye Lopez and Rozonda Chilli Thomas). Their popularity had been quickly developing since their debut in 1991 and reached its maximum in the second half of the nineties. They spread similar messages to the other Fly Girls like rising awareness about safe sex (Waterfalls)28or fighting with women danger (Unpretty)29. They also introduced more diverse fashion sense. Instead of accentuating their fit bodies with tight clothes, they would wear baggy pants as a symbol of solidarity with women of less flattering shapes. Similar approach was taken by another Fly Girl Missy Misdemeanor Elliot. Being a successful writer and producer coat her way to the enormous success in the music industry. In no time she was offered a possibility to launch her clothing line and appeared in paste and Adidas commercials. The fact that full-figured Missy became a model of the established clothing brand could be perceived as ground breaking in the sphere of learn ing of black female bodies. She serves as a role model to many black women who doubt in their attractiveness.30As during the late nineties rap became commercialized, gained greater audience and shifted to mainstream it is worth examining what were the messages conveyed by the female rappers. During this time some female artists were as popular and selling as many records as men for example, Lil Kim and Foxy Brown both had albums that sold one million copies.31Contemporary female rappers of the late nineties and beginning of the twenty first century also drive in empowering and subversive mission against male domination, but the lyrical content of their songs show surprising and alarming similarities between them and male rappers. This may be one of the reasons these female rappers gained more commercial recognition than the pioneers. As means of empowerment they apply the strategy of giving the attitude and answering back in a rude manner to their male counterparts. This group of f emale rappers fall into category of Sistas with Attitude which consist of such popular rappers as Foxy Brown, Lil Kim, and Da Brat, or Sis, or Eve. The characteristic of their style is the employment of the same symbolic speech and behaviors as their male fellow rappers. It may seem that by doing so they show to be equal to men on every level. The lyrics of their songs included motives of indulging in hedonistic activities as partying and smoking marijuana with their men, seducing, harassing, and sexually emasculating male characters as well as disrespecting (dissin) their male and female counterparts. Although so called dissing in female rappers songs is mainly directed at male sexism, an analysis of contemporary female rap songs reveals that there are instances the same strategy is aimed at women. It is well visible here that these women seek for their self empowerment by all means.The content of songs with attitude is abundant in vulgarity. The use of derogatory terms may be inte rpreted in a positive way. I trace some similarities between Sistas with Attitude and some of the Third Wave of feminism representatives. Similarly to them, female rappers reversed the pejorative meaning of vulgar words addressed to women.Sistas may be considered a coarser, clad version of Third Wave of feminism Girlies or Riot Grrls. These were usually members of underground punk bands who addressed issues as rape, female sexuality, domestic abuse, and female empowerment. Same as Sistas they also adopted derogatory, insulting words as cunt bitch slut in their vernacular. By writing these words on their skins or t-shirts they ridiculed and nullified their derogatory meaning.32On one hand reclamation of the frequently used word bitch may be perceived as positive way of self empowerment or provide healing liberation. Other critics claim that this may bring worse returns as the message of female empowerment seem to be diminished and eradicated by female self-objectification.33One of th e most reoccurring motives found in female rap lyrics is their swaggering feminine self assurance. This characteristic of rap has its roots in part of African-American oral tradition of toasting , where the toast-teller employs in verbal self- enhancement, and presents himself or herself as the dreams of his or her Black audience and symbolize for them triumph and accomplishment against the odds.34For instance, in Sittin on Top of the World, Da Brat writes Im on top of the world/Girlfriend offender cuz they mans think Im all that/ One of the baddest bitches on the planet.35She highlights how she is so bad, meaning great to such extent that she aggravates other women because their men find her beautiful. Another fitting example of bravado can be found in Eves song What Ya Want,36writing Popular since I started my life/ Every thugs dream wife, see the love in they eyes/My time to shine, whole package make her a dime. In these lyrics, the rapper is presenting herself as popular, and g ood-looking to every male and a perfectly shaped physically ( adime in hip hop vernacular).Many rapper enhance their sense of attractiveness by emphasizing their possession of precious objects that others cannot afford. Foxy Brown, who adopted her surname from the seventies blaxploitation movie protagonist of the same title, in Ill Na Na raps Uhh, rollin for Lana, dripped in Gabbana/And yall gon see by these mils I possess/Never nail down for less, Im in excess.37Foxy highlights here the fact that she wears expensive womens designer clothing that working class and middle-class individuals could not afford. Furthermore, the audience gets the message that Foxy earns millions of dollars from her rapping. She also admits she is not willing to settle down and start a family but would rather live in abundance of material goods on her own. A ample majority of the female artists mentioned owning luxurious reapings of mass consumption. Obviously, possession of extravagant material goods are crucial for many contemporary female artists. Material success, fame, and sexual rapture is their achieved American Dream. Similarly to male rap artists who glamorize life a of a pimp, these female artists present themselves as physically attractive to possible duet as well as in possession of goods that regular people do not and cannot acquire. This type and degree of overconfidence permeates throughout rap music and is common to both sexes of rappers. It illustrates artists abilities, or their dreams, to overcome obstacles (unattractiveness, lack of money) and eventually achieve (sexual and material) success.The partying, alcohol and drugs abuse is a frequent theme also in Sistas with Attitude rap music. In the overall sample in Owares study of 44 female hip hop songs of the nineties, in each song there was an comely of one-and a-half references made to alcohol or drugs.38For instance, in her song Deeper, rapper called Boss refers to both alcohol and drug use. In these lyri cs, Boss is indulging in a popular malt liquor, and also smokes chronic, a strong form of marijuana mixed cocaine. Another song by Queen Pen, Party Aint a Party, presents Im tiddly from the cab, down the whole bottle of Henney/ Is you dealing with the cat thats blunted. Queen Pens alcohol is Seagrams Hennessy and blunted means being under the influence of marijuana. These female rappers refute the stereotype that women refrain from hard alcoholic drinks and illegal drugs.. These women depict themselves as being equal to men by engaging in similar potentially baneful behaviors.39Another feature of rap music that is often taken up by female rappers is disrespecting or dissin, which is the act of verbally insulting an opponent. Dissin allegedly has its origins in West Africa, among tribes such as the Efik in Nigeria and later could be found in early African-American oral traditions.40Smitherman writes women rule when it comes to signifyingfemale rappers use this outmoded rhetorical s trategy to launch critical offensives41Traces of such style can be found in the verse rapped by Heather B. Fuck how much you sell cause, I read your album cover/You couldnt write a jam if your last name was Smucker.42As jam may also mean a hit song she ridicules here the amount of records sold by her opponent while dissing his writing skills contrasting them with a popular food product brand Smuckers Jam.Most disrespecting attitudes were pointed at males who attempted to pursue women with pretentious tales of sexual gratification. While some rappers resorted to warning of the potential suitor who must approach them in a courteous manner or gets rejected, other rappers would openly ridicule males sex skills and their fear of womens sexuality. Considered to be one of the most overt and explicit rappers, Lil Kim in Hardcore rhymes The sex was wack, a four stroke creep/(later he asked) Could he come over right fast and fuck my pretty ass?/Ill pass, nigga dick was trash.43The rapper sets here her own conditions for a sexual intercourse. She keeps men under control and reserves the right to choose her partner by assessing his sex skills. She also implies what is surely feared by most of the heterosexual males to be ridiculed by a woman for poor sex performance. Black males in particular who have been trying to conceal the image of an emasculated black man may feel highly sensitive about it. As many instances of male rap hits presented in the first chapter show that they tried to apply many strategies to regain their control over women. Boasting about their sexual hyper skills was a frequent topic.Gangsta Boo, a successful Sista with Attitude of the late nineties and early twenty first century, touches upon similar themes in her lyrics Ha-ha, hey, Ladies check this out/ Well, let me tell this story about this nigga/ With a little dick but when its hard, hes swearin it (is) bigger/ Im not to be the one guess you aint got much to offer.44Here, Gangsta Boo speaks now to women about false male machismo. Boo, similarly to her counterpart Lil Kim sets the norms here and evaluates whether her possible mate lives up to her expectations. When finds out that the man is poorly endowed she ridicules him in drift of other women. Hence, as Rose writes you have women speaking to men, engaging in critiques of supposed male sexual prowess in addition, they are speaking to other women about the failed attempts of these men to satisfy them sexually.45These disses provide a female response to male rappers chauvinism, misogyny and bragging about their sexual potency.Similarly empowering themes also permeate throughout the songs and lyrics that present female sexuality. Several popular female rap artists depicted themselves as explicitly sexualized. Lil Kim in one of her songs vulgarly demonstrates her acting upon a partner and presents herself as not submissive in sexual relationship.46

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Internet Banking Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Internet Banking Information Technology EssayInternet bounding is a fact of life for numerous an(prenominal) individuals to twenty-four hour period with a ill-tempered lifestyle. Some individuals will harbor a brick and mortar bank that offers Internet banking in addition to spill to the brick and mortar location. Other banks exist only on the Internet that do not amaze a physical location.BenefitsInternet bankings major benefit to sum up holders is convenience. It caters an throwaway holder to monitor usage of his cast and perform basic transactions online for his banking account.ConsiderationsIf an individual opens an account at an online-only bank such as ING Direct, access is limited to their account. If the bank account proprietor dismiss not find a location with Internet access, she will be unable to perform transactions on her banking account.DisadvantagesWhen using an Internet banking account, the account owner may have no face to f ace interaction with a bank employee if the bank does not have a brick and mortar location. This tolerate kick in resolving disputes more than difficult as the account holder will have to make a phone c all in all and possibly wait on hold, or be forced to send an email.Bonuses on that point be some Internet banking companies such as ING Direct that will allow a node to receive a monetary bonus for opening an account with them. The bonus varies based on the promotion the Internet banking comp any(prenominal) is mental testingning at the time. specimen Conducting your banking over the Internet can be you at a significant attempt of scams and fraud. Make surely when using your internet banking account you are accessing it through with(predicate) a secured network, and n of all time provide your account password to anyone.Online banking versus brick andmortarPosted on April 9, 2008. Filed under Banking,Investing and Saving Online banking is something that no one could have p redicted. Now you are able to access your accounts at any time, make payments and see your statements from home with surface going to the topical anesthetic banking first. Online-only banks have also sprung up with no actual branches, right a virtual account that promises high savings rates and a slew of conveniences. For the average person, it would be perfectly acceptable to have both an online banking account and a brick and mortar bank.Online banks generally have the best rates as they strive to cut be by hiring a limited amount of workers (no tellers needed) and avoiding the costs of buildings, atms etc. The downside is a limited access to money and the inability to go to the bank and talk to a person if you need to. Most online banks will allow you to pay bills online, however, they do not offer easy withdrawals like the thousands of offline brick and mortar banks.Brick and mortar banks are best for raft who demand guest service. From the availability of many a(prenomi nal) banking options, fee-free ATMs open 24/7 and the candy at the corner of the banking desk brick and mortars have it all. They also have many costs that cut into savings rates, and make their lines of recognize and loans more expensive. Brick and mortars offer a high level of comfort to customers, ensuring them that their money is right around the corner when they need it, rather than just a digital number on a computer screen.For long term savings, an online bank is the winner hands down. Savings rates at online banks are overmuch higher and the fees are much lower. An online bank is perfect for an emergency fund, or other savings that you do not need on a daytime to day basis. A brick and mortar savings account will never become obsolete, it is far too convenient, even though the rates are traditionalisticly much lower. Keep just enough in a brick and mortar account to utilize it conveniently, and keep the substantial savings at an online bank to earn more in interest. For most people, two accounts is now the necessity.Traditional Banking Vs OnlineBankingInternet banking works in a similar manner to traditional banking, the major difference existence the way one is making payments, accessing his account and personal details, and reconciling statements. Rather than visiting the local branch of his bank, the customer uses his computer to complete transactions. Internet and traditional banking have their pros and cons to consider. The choice of online vs. brick-and-mortar banking is often based on ones lifestyle and priorities.As a major advantage of internet banking, the customer can accomplish triune tasks in the comfort of his home. Efficiency is what makes online banking attractive to customers they can pay bills, move money between different accounts, check multiple accounts, and much more. Banking is fast and drop a lines customers blue-chip time. Transactions are completed in seconds and one can print out the receipts for his personal records. The customer may access his account at any crumplen part of the day, even during weekends and holiold age. Moreover, the online account may be accessed from any place around the world, provided that internet connection is available.Online bank accounts make banking expedient, convenient, and inexpensive. some banks charge fewer fees for the online banking run they offer. Furthermore, banks have higher interest rates on savings accounts and certificates of touch on, and offer more financial operate and products. Customers dont need to bribe envelopes and stamps, run to the post office at the last minute, and risk being late on their payments. Monthly bank statements and bills can be accessed electronically. Finally, online banking employs sophisticated tools that patron manage ones money and accounts with ease. Despite increased security measures and the availability of anti-virus and anti-spyware programs, identity theft is still a concern. Other threats associated with onl ine banking include phishing and hacking of online accounts.Time is among the precious commodities, especially for multi-taskers. On the other hand, some people prefer to visit their local bank and interact with the teller in person. Customers can turn to the banks special account representative or even to the bank manager. Clients are physically present when cash is handed over to them and when they place valuable items in their safety deposit boxes.When customers hold their money in banks, they expect to have them available when required. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation offers coverage of up to $100.000 if banks cannot cover their clients accounts. Most banks have increased the level of security by installing more surveillance cameras and hiring a larger number of security guards. With traditional banking, customers are better protected against identity theft. However, security is still a concern with traditional banking. While criminals cannot hold a gun to ones person al computer, they can rob a bank the traditional way.Inconvenient locations, fixed schedules, and more limited financial services are some of the disadvantages associated with traditional banking. In contrast to internet banking, customers opting for traditional banking services need to draw money before using it.The FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) pays up to $100,000 of coverage, in case that a bank cannot cover its accounts (both online and traditional). However, protection from identity theft is an aspect of banking that traditional banks take better care of.Disclaimer This article is provided for educational and instructional purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for maestro and/or financial advice. The information found in this article is provided AS IS, and all warranties, express or implied, are disclaimed by the author.Top 5 Reasons to employ OnlineBankingIn recent years online banking has become increasingly popular, and many consumers have benefited from being able to conduct all of their banking transactions online without having to resort to queuing in the local bank or spending time trying to get through automated switchboard in order to speak to someone on the phone.Online banking allows you to run your day to day finances, and manage your bank account, with ease and convenience, and with this method of banking you are always in go over. With online banking you get to enjoy convenience, ease, speed, and increased control, which is why so many people now decide to conduct their banking transactions online rather than at a branch. The main reasons many people opt to use online banking are1. The net in convenience When you use online banking you can conduct your transactions from the comfort and privacy of your own home, so you wont have to worry about going out to your local branch, spending time queuing up, and trying to fit your banking commitments into your busy day, which can be particularly difficult for tho se that work full time.2. No time constraints With regular banking you are restricted in terms of when you can contact or call in to the bank in order to conduct transactions, and this can prove difficult for those with busy lifestyles and full time jobs. However, when you opt for online banking you can conduct transactions at any time of the day or night, which doer that you can effectively manage your account around the clock.3. Do eitherthing you need to online You will find that you are able to conduct pretty much any banking transaction that you can perform by phone or visit to your branch by going online, other than withdrawing and depositing cash. This means that you can effectively control your finances from the privacy of your own home.4. Increased security Banks now use very secure software to take in the safety and security of customers, making it safer than ever to bank online. Just remember never to link to your bank account from an email link, as this could be a fal se link, and do not save your banking passwords and security details on a shared computer that could give others access.5. 24 hour access to your account With online banking you can access your account 24 hours a day, conducting transactions such as making bill payments, checking your balance and statements, setting up or cancelling direct debits and standing orders, and more.Gone are the days when you could only gain access to you bank between the hours of 9.30am and 3.30pm.How brick howitzer Banking Model will become a thing of past- Robin TrehanThe reason is that maintaining bank locations is highly expensive and hurts the bottom line. Each physical branch generates a laundry list of expenses, including rent, insurance, real estate taxes, utilities and employees. AttachmentFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEPRLog (Press Release) Sep 01, 2009 How brick Mortar Banking Model will become a thing of past- Robin TrehanA penny saved is a penny earned. That is why the banking industry needs to f all out to shift to an online model for business banking. There is no longer any need for a bank to have several brick and mortar locations in every city.The reason is that maintaining bank locations is extremely expensive and hurts the bottom line. Each physical branch generates a laundry list of expenses, including rent, insurance, real estate taxes, utilities and employees. If the branch is placed in a major metropolitan area such as New York, Chicago or Paris, operating it is even more costly.It makes much more sense for the bank to provide only ATMs in metropolitan area and locate its main center of operations in a suburb. Customers can well and quickly handle their banking business online, at an ATM or even over a mobile phone at any time of the day or night. The technology keeps getting more sophisticated even checks can now be deposited using a picture taken by a cell phone. Even if they are out of the country, customers who bank online can access their accounts at any ti me with ease.The savings realized by eliminating unnecessary branch locations can be passed on to the banks customers in the form of a higher interest rate.However, there can be some challenges when it comes to moving business banking out of the building and into cyberspace. Like many new ideas and ways of doing business, it will take some time for people to get used to. Banks need to make sure that all their business customers understand how online banking works and why it is a safe option.It can be helpful to point out that online banking is actually in many ways more secure than the traditional model. For example, customers can be quickly notified via email or text if there is unusual account activity or if an account is close to being overdrawn. They can then take appropriate action (a balance transfer, for instance) immediately rather than having to wait to visit a branch.Online banking is sincerely an idea whose time has come.The internet has come a long way since Tim Berners Lee discovered it under two decades ago. There have been remarkable establish to create value added services from the internet, among them online banking. The capacity to use internet to deliver online banking services is yet to attract due attention from scholars on the impact of online banking on the efficient delivery of services by the bank (Harnando, Nietoa, 2006). The most obvious contribution online banking has brought to the banking industry is the reduction of overheads that would have otherwise been incurred particularly in singing to the staff and advertising and others services like information technology as no special software is needed (wikipedia 2007online). The reductions in costs in those areas have undoubtedly added positively to a bank bottom-line. The emerging consensus on the future role of online banking is that it can be used to add value to overall banking services as appertaining service delivery, but online banking has failed to marshal potent force to d islodge physical banks branches.The reason why online banking is yet to dislodge the brick and mortar traditional branches is because risk management on online banking applications have not walked with tandem with other advances in information technology. The imperfections of technology sometimes mean that online banking may not be a perfect substitution for a bank branch, and some functions (such as depositing cash) might still require the need to have physical branches for some foreseeable future.There are three major ways in which financial institutions exploit the internet (Ramakhrishnan, 2001), or basically online banking means these three things. They can do it for information purposes whereby the bank can disseminate information about its products over the internet. Secondly, online banking can be about communication with a certain identifiable set of people (in this case a customer) about matters of interest to them such as account information. Thirdly and at the highest lev el, online banking can be transactional, whereby a customer may give the bank a certain mandate to operate the account in a certain way, like to make payments to a third party. This would happen without the customer stepping into the banks hall.Numerous risks abound in online banking, and it is impossible to discuss here them all (Comptroller, 1999). But the main ones are,Credit riskInterest rate risksForeign mass meeting risks,Transaction risks,Compliance risks,Reputation risks.Risks arise from events, foreseen and unforeseen, that may have an unfavourable effect on the banks earnings or capital. The risks are not particularly uncommon to online banking, but they become more potentially threatening in online banking.Bank management for online banking system may be ill advised to leave these risks to the IT department to handle. Many of them require the management careful considered exercise of discretion. This may involve the establishment of effective management controls over t he online banking risks, for instance accountability and appropriate insurance directives for containment of these risks. New online banking projects that have a risk factor should be reviewed by the management and they should ensure that adequate technical expertise is available at all times.For securities risk management strategy, the banks should have in place adequate identification (authentication) of online banking customers before a transaction is carried out. Measures should also be in place to ensure that such customer cannot deny he transacted over the internet.Measures should also be in place before embarking on an online banking project to protect customers privacy and notice Your Customer rules for online banking customers should be stricter than usual (Basel, 2001).

To bring forward two theories

To bring forward two theoriesMotivation essayThe purpose of this essay is to bring forward two theories of contain, and canvas and contrast them. In this essay, I am going to discuss Maslows hierarchy of conveyfully hypothesis, and Adams comeliness guess. A caused workforce, is what every manager strives to achieve, and hence a study of the theories of motivation is a must. I go away be comparing and contrasting the two theories, and explaining how managers can use them to motivate their staff.Abraham H. Maslow, a behavioral scientist and chairman of the department of psychology at the Brandies University, published the hierarchy of needs possibility in 1954. According to Maslow, a persons needs atomic number 18 the main motivator that drives a human. He categorise the need in the following five trains physiological needs, guard duty needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. (Cost Engineering Vol. 47/No. 3 MARCH 2005).Equity supposition is a cog nitive theory of motivation developed by J. Stacey Adams, which claims that employees result be motivated if they accept that they atomic number 18 treated fairly in the workplace. (Dictionary of forgiving Resource Management 2001) It is different from Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, as equity theory is a process theory.What all process theories select in special K is an emphasis on the role of an individuals cognitive process in determining his or her level of motivation. (Finchman and Rhodes). This means that process theories like equity theory, take into esteem individual differences, and that different race would react to the theory differently. This is different from content theories, such(prenominal) as Maslows theory of needs, where it is assumed that all individuals would be affected too by the theories.The raw material premise of Maslows theory is built around a pyramid, or hierarchy, of needs. The needs at the bottom of the pyramid must be met, to begin with the higher level needs can be met. (Lewis et al., 2001). Managers can apply this theory, by identifying the level on the hierarchy that each employee is on, and understanding that people go forth be motivated by the factors that exist at this level. The level of needs begin with physiological, followed by security needs, social needs, ego needs, and terminally self-actualization need. (Weinbach, 1998).Equity theory takes into line the assumption that, people will look around and observe what effort others be putting into their work, and how are they being rewarded for it, and will then compare this ratio with their own. People can also compare this effort-reward ratio to their past experiences. The basic assumption that equity theorists make is that these social comparison processes are determined by our fundamental concern with candour or equity. (Finchman and Rhodes).Maslows hierarchy theory revolves around the five levels in the pyramid. Each level of need has to be fulfill ed, head start from physiological needs, in order to motivate an employee.The first level of needs in the hierarchy is the physiological needs. These are the basic needs of the organism such as eating, drinking, sleeping, sex, suitable temperature, and so on. If one of these needs is not fulfilled, this will immediately get the highest priority, as these are necessary for survival. All these needs lay down to be fulfilled constantly. ( Philippe J.S. De Brouwer). The wages paid should be enough to cover the cost of these basic necessities.The second level in the hierarchy of needs is the safety and security needs. This is the need for safety and freedom from fear. This includes safe working conditions, and job security. (Finchman and Rhodes).The next level on the hierarchy of needs is the social needs. Social needs refer to the need for satisfactory and supportive relationships with others at work. (Finchman and Rhodes). Affiliation and acceptance are important motivators at the s ocial needs level. (Weinbach, 1998). As humans are social animals, given that the forward levels of needs have been fulfilled, an employee is likely to be motivated if in that respect is a friendly working environment.Ego and esteem need is the fourth level in Maslows pyramid. These needs are the desire for achievement and recognition. Being publically rewarded and given status symbol are motivators on this level.The final level on Maslows hierarchy is self-actualization. This is the need to develop ones full voltage. For Maslow, it was to become more and more of one is, to become everything what one is capable of. He mootd that what a man can be, he must be. (Maslow, 1943382). On this level, an employee will be motivated by opportunities to use their talents, be creative, and achieve their fullest potential (Weinbach, 1998). According to Maslow, although everyone had the potential to reach to this level, only very few people actually achieved it.According to the equity theory, people measure their effort-reward ratio, and compare it to other employees, or to their own previous ratio.When people believe that the inputs (this may include effort, skill etc.) to push throughcomes (pay, fringe benefits etc.), of others is similar to theirs, they experience equality. When people believe that the input-outcome ratio of others is more favorable, (that is underpayment) or that the ratio of others is little favorable than theirs, (this is overpayment) they experience inequality. Inequality can be very demotivating for an employee, and can cause anger or guilt amongst employees. (Finchman and Rhodes)So we perceive effort, reward, and ultimately fairness not in absolute but in relative terms. (Adams 1965). With salaries for example, it is the perception of getting paid more, rather than the amount itself, that motivates employees, and determines their behavior. (Shaw and Gupta 2001).The inputs that people can take into account are their education levels, intelligen ce, skills, seniority, and the amount of effort that they have put into the work. The outcomes in work, would include pay, but could also include fringe benefits, promotion, working conditions, and status symbols such as large office. (Finchman and Rhodes).One of the biggest differences amidst the two theories is that dapple Maslow never really tested his theory, Adams and his colleagues arrived at a conclusion after testing the equity theory. According to Finchman and Rhodes, The operational definitions of needs constructs and other variables such as prepotency were not always clear from his writing.In contrast, Adams and his colleagues had carried out an experiment, in order to find out whether equality really leads to better productivity. The result was that those who felt they were being overpaid or underpaid were less productive than the ones who perceived their ratio to be fair.Maslows hierarchy of needs theory is a content theory, and hence based on the assumption that we c an attribute a similar set of needs to all individuals. However, while Maslow held the theory for majority of the population, he did acknowledge some individual differences. For instance, a political prisoner might achieve self-actualization without achieving the earlier needs. However, Maslow felt that for the majority of the population, the hierarchy worked. On the other hand, Equity theory being a process theory does take individual difference into account. Huseman et al. suggest that there are three types of people based on personality, and they will react in different ways to the equity theory. The Benevolents are people who prefer to give rather than take, and have great tolerance towards underpayment. They are stressed by equity or overpayment. The second type of people are the equity sensitives. These are people who behave scarce in accordance with equity, and hence experience distress under conditions of inequality (underpayment or overpayment). The third type of people a re the Entitleds. These are people who believe their input-reward ratio should exceed that of their referents. They express distress under conditions of equality or underpayment. (Finchman and Rhodes)Hence, the Equity theory assumes that there are three different types of people, and hence they will react differently. This can also be seen as a similarity between the two theories, as both the theories account for individual differences.There are some other similarities as well. Good working conditions can be seen as an outcome, for the ratio. Good working conditions is also required to fulfill the second level of needs in Maslows hierarchy. Similarly, status symbols such as large offices can also be used as outcomes to measure the ratio for Equity theory, while it will also be used to fulfill the Ego and Esteem needs in Maslows hierarchy.Both the theories have also faced criticism. Maslows theory has been criticized because of leave out of hypothesis testing to support the theory. It has also been criticized for not being very practical, and the needs not being defined operationally. This is particularly true with self-actualization. Maslows obsession with this need lead to him describing it more philosophically, and less in practical sense. Another reason for criticism is that the order of the needs may not necessarily be the selfsame(prenominal) for all people. On the other hand, the charm of equity theory has been reduced by the introduction of individual differences. Also research suggests that Equity theory is in general effective only in the case of underpayment, and not overpayment. It is seen that the effect of overpayment lasts only for a couple of weeks before people start to rationalize their reward level. (Finchman and Rhodes)A motivated workforce is what most managers aspire to create. They can motivate their staff in various ways, and by using several different theories. I am going to discuss, how managers can motivate their staff using Maslow s hierarchy of needs theory and Adams Equity theory.The levels of needs are the cornerstones of motivating employees.Managers must understand that employees will be motivated by unmet needs and that once a need is satisfied, it is no longer a motivator. For instance, if a social worker feels that she is well paid and secure in her job position, the first two levels of needs (physiological and security) will not serve as effective motivators. The manager will need to motivate based on higher level needs, such as those at the social level (Weinbach, 1998).Hence, managers need to identify the level of needs that each employee is soon on, and fulfill each need layer by layer. Starting with the physiological needs, managers need to ensure that the wages paid are sufficient to cover the basic costs. Once this is done, managers should provide workers with safe working conditions and some job security. This would support an employee fulfill the second level in the hierarchy. Next, the man ager should move and encourage a friendly working environment, and encourage group working. This would help employees achieve their social needs. The manager could then give employees higher status symbols such as corporation cars and larger offices, and more recognition for work, by rewarding employees. This would fulfill the esteem needs of the employees. Lastly, managers could set challenging tasks for employees and give them more responsibilities, which truly stretch them. This would help workers reach self-actualization. This is how managers could use Maslows theory to motivate staff.Managers can also use Adams Equity theory, to motivate employees. Managers should try to ensure that all workers perceive their ratio as being fair. If they feel they are being treated and rewarded fairly, they will be motivated. By the same token, perceptions of inequitable treatment will lead to demotivation. The theory is founded on the insight that perceptions and feelings of fairness are bas ed on the principle of comparison. In other words, employees evaluate their treatment in relation to a reference group. devil kinds of comparison may be important for worker motivation. First, employees may compare their earnings with their level of effort and performance and increase their effort if they believe their rewards are excessive or reduce their effort if they regard them as niggardly. Second, employees will compare their own ratio of effort to reward with that of co-workers and act to raise or reduce effort if they believe their own treatment by management is out of line (Dictionary of Human Resource Management 2001).Managers should try and ensure that workers try to increase their efforts, and not decrease them. Managers should take great care while setting the wages, and ensure that the reward that workers are getting, is in line with the effort that they have put in. Particular care should be taken, to ensure that workers do not feel that they are being underpaid, co mpared to others. This could be very demotivating and could lead to serious problems. If there are any inequity problems within the workforce, managers should try and fix them immediately, by assessing the input-reward ratio. This is how mangers could use Equity theory to motivate their staff.Both the theories of motivation are super popular and frequently used by managers. While both of them are different in many ways, there are also some similarities between them, as was shown in the essay. The two theories are extremely important theories, used to motivate staff.

The Blue Hotel :: Blue Hotel Essays

The meritless Hotel   As a recently published book on the works of Stephen Crane, it is rather disappointing to see some of the key moments left out of Stanley Wertheims criticism in A Stephen Crane Encyclopedia about the short story "The Blue Hotel." Wertheim leaves out a key point in the characterization of the Swede and the plot of the story. This occurs at the point where Patrick Scully, in the story, persuades the Swede to stay in his hotel despite his fears and inhibitions about the Wild West by getting him to drink and not to worry. This by itself is a climatic event because the Swede believes that he is about to be killed or poisoned as Scully brings out the bottle. Another event comes later as Wertheim simply brushes over the murder of the Swede. Both of these events are based on utmost(a) emotional feelings and actions that cause the reader to question the motive behind the Swedes actions as well as his characterization. Wertheim does a very good job at livery out other points in the novel. The setting he states is "bleak prairie town in northern Nebraska" with the fictional appearance of a dangerous westerly environment. The blizzard that occurs later in the story, Wertheim continues, represents a "hostile manifestation of nature" that ironically does not kill the Swede. As Wertheim finishes his criticism with the final section of the story, he brings in several arguments about the fault of the Swedes death and the punishment of the gambler. He brings in the argument about the "affirmation of the Howellsian doctrine of complicity" and "the existential necessity for kind-hearted brotherhood in a viable society.