American history Empire, War, and propaganda Free Essays

Japanese and Chinese cultures have many similarities owing to the fact that the latter has exerted a major cultural influence on the former. As is mentioned in the De Bary’s book on Japanese tradition, the Japanese started recording their after they had contact with the Chinese. In fact the earliest existence of Japan is in the Chinese Dynastic histories around the 1stCentury BCE, written by Chinese historians who were known to compile fairly reliable accounts of their present day world (p. We will write a custom essay sample on American history Empire, War, and propaganda or any similar topic only for you Order Now   3, 4). The native accounts of Japanese were written around the 8th century CE, by which time the Japanese were already heavily influenced by the Chinese traditions. Hence, there are a lot of cultural similarities between the two countries. This paper compares and contrasts the two cultures with respect to their religion, tradition, literature and philosophies. Traditions and Philosophies in China and Japan Chinese Chinese philosophy and religion seems to begin with Confucius and his teachings. While there are certain records which are supposed to pre-date Confucius, according to De Bary in his book on Chinese Tradition these works are suspected to be compiled after the time of Confucius (p. 1). The traditional history consists of many semi-divine culture heroes who supposedly were responsible for bringing civilization among the people of China. These were followed by three rulers of exceptional wisdom – Yao, Shun and Yu, as is mentioned in the books by De Bary on Chinese Tradition (p. 2). However, the most famous of the Chinese religion and Philosophy is of course the teaching of Confucius who adopted the teachings and examples of these rulers in his teachings. In fact according to De Bary the life of Chinese for the past 2000 years can be characterized in a word to be Confucian. The second most important and influential native philosophy of Chinese is more religious in nature and is known as Taoism. Many of the present day philosophers comment that the two philosophies complement each other. While Confucianism concerns itself with the social responsibilities and human aspects of life, Taoism contends itself with a spiritual outlook towards life. De Bary mentions that these two philosophies give two different aspects of an individual – one that is related to his work and responsibilities and the other which is related to his spiritual side (p. 48). The work of Confucius was further refined to make it a more moralistic and righteous, such that people were honor bound to fulfill their duties and responsibilities. These were other philosophies at work in China. One of these was Legalism which was proposed by Shang Yang and is considered to be yet another classical school of thought in China. The theory however was explained in detail by Han Fei, who is considered as the father of this philosophy. De Bary says that growth of this philosophy was due to a need for a more rational organization for society than the traditional feudalistic system, which had started to disintegrate even during the Confucian period (p. 122). Legalism was inherent in the Han Empire and was made palatable by adopting Confucianism as the state ideology. As will be seen in the section below Legalism combined with Confucianism was one of the philosophies that was widely accepted and followed in Japan after they decided to abandon their clan-based society for a more rational one. Japanese Prior to Chinese influence, Japan consisted of a number of tribes ruled by individual kings. These tribes were supposedly from many different parts of Asia including Korea and proceeded to settle in the Japanese islands. While the early traditional influences of Japanese people remain obscure, Chinese writings mention Japanese people as performing sun worship, which might account for the name of the country. These writings also mention the people as being honest, polite, displaying gentleness in peace and bravery in war, love for liquor and mountains and religious rites of purification and divination as is mentioned by De Bary in his book on Japanese tradition (p. 5). This type of nature worship was the oldest type of religion found in Japan and was known as Shintoism. As the tribes began to exert their sphere of influence, they turned towards the Chinese philosophies and examples for both political and cultural guidance. Hence, the Japanese culture is very closely intertwined with the Chinese culture, and it is not the other way round. De Bary mentions that many of the imperial edicts issued during the Great Reform period which began in the 645 CE consisted of Chinese based administration systems (p. 63). For instance the old political system which was based on tribal clans was changed to the Chinese system of systematic territorial administration. Also there was an attempt to abolish private property, nationalize the land and redistribute it based on the family size which was the system followed in China. De Bary says that these systems were so meticulously followed that the records that have been found of this period are almost identical to those found in China (p. 64). However, the influence exerted by the Chinese on Japanese traditions was not just political during this period. As is already mentioned above, Chinese life has been mostly influenced by the teachings of Confucius. Needless to say these traditions were adopted by Japanese also and formed one of the integral parts of study for the scholars during the period. However, these teachings cannot be found in their original formed as debaryhas confirmed in his books (p. 69). There have been many changes because the people tended to imbibe their existing religion and philosophies with those of the new order proposed by the Chinese philosophers during that period. Buddhism in China and Japan Chinese Buddhism came to China via India in the first century AD, where the religion originated. Buddhism came divided into a number of sects, said to be eighteen in number before it came to China. When Buddhism entered China some of these sects were introduced and assumed newer forms under the Chinese influence. In addition Chinese themselves developed many strong sects. Initially when it came to Japan Buddhism encountered stiff opposition and remained a foreign religion for over two centuries after which it started getting accepted. The problem as is told by De Bary was that the Chinese did not know about the sectarian nature of Buddhism, and considered whatever words were written to be the words of Buddha. This resulted in confusion due to the many contradictory statements of various sects. Mahayana Buddhism or the Greater Vehicle took on a Chinese character and evolved into several schools such as Tien-Ttai, Hua-yuen, Pre Land and Chan Japanese Buddhism is one of the major religions practiced in both China and Japan. The religion was introduced to Japan in the 7thcentury AD. The most popular types of Buddhism followed here were Pure Land and Zen Buddhism, a offshoot of Chan Buddhism (p. 120). In Japan, Buddhism became closely intertwined with the principles of Shinto. This was initially done to make the religion more acceptable to the local public. The first clear indication of a merger between Shinto principles and Buddhism according to De Bary was in the middle of Nara period which was more than 200 years after the religion was introduced in the country. De Bary further states that the mutual relationship of the Buddhism with the Shinto developed and by the Kamakura period there existed detailed explanations of Shinto gods as the concrete manifestations of Buddhist deities (p. 121). Here, the Buddhism and its various rites differ from the Chinese versions because there are no such deities present in the Chinese versions, where the Buddhism was based primarily on the Taoist principles of the beauty of nature and relation between Buddhism with the various environmental issues. Literature influence The influence of Chinese literature in Japanese culture is clearly evident by the fact that Japanese follow the Chinese pictographic script in writing. The reason for this is mentioned by De Bary in his book where he says that the Chinese way of philosophy and political code was adopted directly by the Japanese rulers. An understanding of the corresponding script was hence considered to be necessary and such a script was considered to be a must for being considered as a scholar whether literal or political (p. 48). However, the Chinese script being very difficult to its pictographic nature had to be simplified when it was adopted by the common man. Hence, the Japanese also have sound based writing system which is not present in the Chinese script. Political influence Chinese influence can be seen in almost every aspect of Japanese life. On the political side De Bary gives the example of the Imperial rule which is sometimes called Tennoism. This type of imperial rules gives the ruling family a divine status. In Japanese society, this translated to the ruling family having an unbroken tie with the Sun Goddess who was the primary deity worshiped by the Japanese people. The chief difference between the Chinese and Japanese ruling systems was that the former was merit based while the later was hereditary in nature. The Chinese rulers were theoretically subjected to the criteria of merit and rulers or dynasties could forfeit the mandate to rule if they did not live up to them. This principle was absent in case of Japanese ruling family, which was primarily governed by the hereditary principle and the merit principle did not apply at all to the ruling family (p. 69) Conclusion As has been already mentioned above, the Chinese and Japanese traditions and cultures are closely inter related due to the strong influence the former had in the development of the latter. The cultural vein has flowed from Chinese to the Japanese people, which included the spread of Buddhism in the country. The principles were no doubt changed according to the dictates of the society, but the binding ties can be clearly seen between the cultured of the two countries. Works Cited De Bary WT (2001), Sources of Japanese Tradition, 2nd Edition, Columbia University Press, West Sussex De Bary WT (1960), Sources of Japanese Tradition Vol. 1, Columbia University Press, West Sussex How to cite American history Empire, War, and propaganda, Papers

Dialogue on Agriculture Cooperative in Cambodia free essay sample

The workshop aimed to improve the capacity of all communities in checking (controlling) and making balance all activities in their communities which consists of regular closing entry, income statement (expense and income), capital, number of members, number of shares and stakeholders, asset in community, to promote, to sharpen and to strengthen the knowledge of farmer leader on management and leadership for implementing in their community and to egg farmers to produce more and more rice following the government policy stating that â€Å"Exporting rice 1 million tones by 2015†. Speaking at the workshop, Mr. PEL Sokha explained about how important of the establishment of agricultural community (cooperative) is. He says cooperative is the process of improving the standard of living, increase income and empowerment. The cooperatives will provide a lot of benefits to farmer members. They can commonly set the selling price of their farm products (at high and the same level), and access to loan from both government and NGOs easily. We will write a custom essay sample on Dialogue on Agriculture Cooperative in Cambodia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the second day of the workshop, he presented about the agricultural policies with its objectives and different interventions to reach the objectives: (i) the agricultural price stability, and (ii) increasing the farmer income. Regarding the interventions in rice production development he emphasized the guarantee price of paddy and the loan rate. Regarding the credit, he spoke about the â€Å"Death Assurance of the Borrower† in order to release the family from debt. Dr. Yang Sang Koma also echoed to what Sokha stated. Dr. Koma added that he is very happy to see the progress of each community. There are four main things to know about the advantages of community. They are: farmers can set the selling price of farm products, farmer can access to all of agricultural items (lower price), they can get technical services from government easily and access to loan from the government easily. However, Dr. Koma presented about the financial management and the Profit Theory (Mehrwert Theorie) that could help farmer to have confidence on cooperative. He urges all participants to list down all income and expenses and the quantity of rice (paddy) in store. Farmers must review the weaknesses and strength of community themselves. Dr. Koma hopes that all participants can do all points as they try hard to catch attention from the government caring them in term of agriculture and help government to produce more and more rice following the policy. To be nothed that FNN supports 25 cooperatives containing 1881 members and only nine cooperatives have already been registered by provicial department of agriculture. After establishing cooperative, farmers are easy to sell, buy any kinds of products especially agricultural products in a suitable price; they gain revenue from share.

Trade Unions. Final Report on Industrial Relations

Introduction Print media has been the most powerful pathway for the transmission of fashion, fashion designs and other elements of the fashion industry. In fact, fashion magazines have been the key to the fashion industry (Stone, 2004). For several centuries, the fashion industry has increasingly taken the modern advantage of technological advancements in printing.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Trade Unions. Final Report on Industrial Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In turn, technological advancements have turned the industry into a major consumer of print technology. Nevertheless, towards the end of the 20th century, the fashion industry made a major trend by incorporating the internet (Stone, 2004). Since 2000, the fashion industry has experienced the influence of internet revolution. Thousands of readers are migrating from print to online media. According to Kansara (2009a), readers are increasin gly getting access to the free and abundant information available online. Moreover, according to Kansara (2009b), advertisers are also pulling out of the printing industry. Advertisers are the main source of revenues in print magazines (Hill, 2004). Their migration from the print media (fashion magazines) to online magazines and blogs has left print magazines in a poor state. This state is actually forcing them out of business (Kansara 2009b). The situation worsened between 2008 and 2010 during the global economic crisis. For instance, major fashion companies were adversely affected by the crisis- major fashion and luxury titles declining significantly (Ovide Adams, 2009). According to Clifford (2009), renowned fashion publishers such as Conde Nast had their performances declining by 2009, a factor that worried many in the industry. In fact, Clifford (2009) asserts that the problem persuaded most people to evaluate the fashion industry within the context of migration from print to digital media. Since then, major printers have resolved to increase their efforts towards digitalizing their business, which, with no doubt, is killing the print media (Keen, 2008). Currently, many print magazines are still circulating every year. Nevertheless, the value, volume and significance of the printed materials in the fashion industry are reducing (Stone, 2004). Two important aspects of the digital world are worth discussion as a cause of the decline- the economics of print media versus digital media and the change of consumer preference from print media to digital media in the fashion industry. Therefore, the statement â€Å"print media is dead† seems to be true as far as the state of the migration is concerned.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fashion industry and media as a popular culture According to Storey (1997), a popular culture is simply defined as the culture that is widely appreciated and favoured or liked by many people and organizations. Storey asserts that such a quantitative index is the one that meets the approval of many parties. To provide an example, Storey argues that such objects as books, DVDs and CDs are part of a popular culture. Within the context of media and the fashion industry, the print magazine presents a popular culture because they have enjoyed a wide appreciation and approval of many people across the globe (Albertazzi Cobley 2010). In addition, fashion is a part of a culture that has been popular since ancient times. From Storey’s definition of popular culture, it is worth taking fashion media as a form of popular culture that has grown significantly with the development of media technologies since 1670s. How did the fashion media develop into a popular culture? To answer this question, it is necessary to review the presentation of fashion magazine and its historical context. According to Barker (2000), the first fashion magazine started in France in 1672, appearing under the title â€Å"Mercure Galant†. The magazine, which was printed in Paris, provided the public with information on the latest clothing styles. It quickly became popular throughout Western Europe. By 1677, Louis XIV authorised the publisher to produce the magazine on a monthly basis as a way of enlightening the minds of his cabinet (Kondratiev 2010). At first, the magazine presented fashions in the form of drawings. However, with increasing popularity of the media, the publisher started producing issues of â€Å"Mercure Galant† with photographic representations of fashions. In the 20th century, the magazine, together with others that had sprung up in the 19th and 20th centuries, used sophisticated print and photography innovations to deliver real presentations of fashion. The fashion media combined fashion and art. Later, the magazine included short articles written by artists. Therefor e, a new era of fashion was born. It became a popular culture in the western world. According to Bailey and Seock (2008), the most successful and long-lasting player in the fashion media is the â€Å"Vogue Magazine†, which was first printed in 1892 in the US. The magazine quickly gained popularity in the US and Europe because it had a high degree of duality. In fact, the Vogue delivered information on the latest trends in fashion. It combined fashion with art and photography (Bailey Seock 2008). After the Second World War, fashion media expended significantly due to changes in perceptions towards women and feminine priorities. In fact, fashion styles became more and more dynamic- the cycles of change from one fashion to another became a common phenomenon. Women became the main target- most of the magazines contained large volume of information on the latest and expected feminine fashions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Trade Unions. Final Report on I ndustrial Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, by 1960s, the magazines had started targeting young people, including teenagers. In fact, teenagers had a greater desire and purchasing power for fashions. In addition, they had their own styles. It was also during this era that numerous fashion magazines emerged and became popular in Europe and America, including the Elle, Cosmopolitan, Vogue, Marie Claire, Glamour, InStyle and Grazia. Characteristics of print fashion media as a popular culture According to Fiske (1989), a culture is the social circulation of pleasures, values and meanings to the process of forming social identities and relationships and the process of entering into the daily life. On the other hand, Fiske (1989) defines the term â€Å"popular† as ‘†¦statistically what is most renowned or appealing to most people or institutions’. Moreover, Fiske argues that â€Å"popular† serves the interest of the people. It is worth noting that the term â€Å"people† is used in reference to a shifting set of social positions and interests defined by their relations to the prominent society.  From these definitions, Fiske defines popular culture as a culture of conflicts and resistances that involve a struggle to make meanings, values and pleasures to those people without power. The conflict and opposition between the class of people with power and those without describe â€Å"popular culture†.  It is evident that fashion media is a form of popular culture for a number of reasons. For instance, fashion magazines are made for the purpose of advertisement, which ensures that the corporate (the class with power), connects with the consumers (those without power). It is also evident that fashion magazines develop a relationship between the two social groups. Conflicts and oppositions between people with power and those without it define this relationsh ip. For example, the consumers need to have adequate information on fashion trends and latest designs. They also want to know the future of clothing styles. On the other hand, the corporate want to â€Å"own† the mindsets of their consumers. They compete with each other over the control of their consumers. Using fashion magazines, the designers seek to control the readers and outdo their desire to know the future of clothing styles. The development of this system of relationships between the two sides has produced a popular culture that has become a part of the modern society. The wide range of fashion magazines that have emerged over the last century has become a part of the mass media, but they seek to convey information on fashions and fashion design. The definition of fashion media is not complete without a reference to fashion magazine because magazines have been the dominant feature in fashion communication.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Blackman (2006), fashion magazine is â€Å"the printed publication that seeks to provide information and news on the latest trends in fashion†. Noteworthy, the definition also refers to the publications that are issued monthly. It further incorporates advertisements, articles and information on such things as clothing, forecast on fashions, cosmetics and other accessories related to fashion. Another definition, given by Brian Moeran in his essay â€Å"More than just a fashion magazine†, sees fashion magazine as a sociologically interesting material with two aspects- cultural product and commodities (Moeran 2006). Fashion magazines tend to deliver information on experiential and models of behaviour that reflects the lives of the readers and their ideal self (Blackman 2006). As commodities, fashion magazines belong to the publishing world and are a popular advertising and sales medium. Modern aspects of the fashion media As described in the introduction part of the essay, the modern fashion media is a sophisticated industry that is currently experiencing tremendous changes that affect both the consumer and the publishers. Technological changes and the internet are the main factors that cause changes in the fashion media. The invention of the internet in 1990s and its presentation to the public was one of the major breakthroughs in the history of communication. The internet has given consumers the opportunity to break the geographical barrier and transform their relationships with remote individuals and communities. In the modern context, the idea is to perceive the world as a web of social, cultural, economic and political interconnections enhanced by technologies that facilitate timely delivery of information. Therefore, this is the philosophy behind the World Wide Web and digital communication. Information and data overload have resulted from the presence of a huge amount of information crated and used by consumers. It further define s the modern communication. In the fashion industry, the consumer of information has been one of the most affected groups after the invention of the internet. Modern consumer behaviour and its impact on fashion media The Web 2.0 is the rebirth of the internet technology as a social medium that allows free interaction between people and groups (Kansara 2009). It is no longer a one-way communication because it allows people to interact with each other and share information on various issues affecting communities and individuals. In fact, the modern aspect of the internet technology has allowed a consumer-generated content, which means that consumers share information and opinions regarding products, services, brands companies and other issues using social networks, websites and blogs. It has also enhanced a two-way communication between consumers and producers. Consumers are no left out of major decision-making processes in industries. In fashion media, the industry had set its busine ss model as a profit-maker through printing. Therefore, profits are a crucial element for the survival of the print magazine. Magazines must fetch and attract a large audience if they are to make profits. However, Web 2.0 has brought significant changes in this model. For instance, whereas the print magazines sought to â€Å"lock-in† customers by proving to be the product with the most useful information about fashion, the internet has facilitated the springing up of thousands of websites. Customers are free to visit these websites from their remote locations, which gives them the ability to make decisions when purchasing clothes. Secondly, bloggers in the fashion industry are not mere internet users, but fashion consumers with a high interest in fashion. In the modern context, bloggers attend fashion shows and post pictures, photos and video clips with information on the latest fashion and fashion trends. The Web 2.0 has produced a number of effects on the fashion industry d ue to the above-mentioned aspects. First, it has created and enhanced knowledge through information sharing. Considering the observation â€Å"knowledge is power†, it is clear that the internet has empowered consumers in the fashion industry. Consumers have taken the position of media professionals in the fashion industry by assuming the role of fashion journalists. This is a critical situation because even the print magazines have to develop their own websites in order to interact with consumers. On the other hand, they have to endure criticism and enjoy appraisal from the consumer and consumer groups. In the modern context, media companies without websites and interactive platforms to engage consumers in dialogue have little chances of succeeding because consumers have the freedom to visit other websites that allow dialogue and socialization. In fact, by just posting comments and suggestions on media websites, an armature becomes a professional. Consumers have assumed the r ole of fashion journalists, which gives them the power to examine publishers from all points of view. They gain the potential to publish both true and false information about companies. Publishers of fashion magazine must engage consumers in productive dialogue to avoid false information being posted on websites because it may destroy their reputations. Print media cannot provide such platforms. It relies on company websites. Therefore, this aspect is affecting print materials in the fashion industry. In addition, consumers are increasingly creating websites and blogs to expose their feelings and opinions about fashion, designs and the fashion industry in general. The amount of data available on the internet is impressively high. However, people tend to access this information and appreciate it with ease. Studies have shown that the internet-provided information is easily readable because it tends to be short and in the form of post messages. This means that the people’s abil ity to read information on print materials is on the decline. In the fashion industry, this is a critical factor because the phenomenon has reduced the audience of the print magazine because people are migrating to the digitalised information. Since print magazines provide readable messages with junk information, consumers are increasingly opting to go for blogs, websites and social networks because they can find the information they need in the form of short messages and with large visual content. Consumers tend to appreciate visual content (what they see) and shun written information (Schroeder 2004). Therefore, this factor is one of the issues that have contributed to the decline of the popularity of the printed fashion magazines. It is also worth noting that the fashion industry is concerned with consumer satisfaction. In fact, for a print media to improve its appreciation as a popular culture, it is necessary for it to retain its readers. For example, consumers who read a magaz ine for the first time are likely to return to reading the same product again or failing to return based on whether there was an element of consumer satisfaction (Telsa 2010). If a fashion magazine did not satisfy the reader, it is likely that the reader will not return to read that particular magazine. He or she may not consider reading any other magazine. The reader will look for an alternative source of information such as going for fashion exhibitions and shows. However, the internet-based fashion media has used this opportunity to capture and â€Å"lock-in† consumers. Since the internet supports multiple websites, blogs and social networks, a consumer who visits one of them is not likely to exit even if there is no satisfaction (Kansara 2009b). In fact, the consumer has the freedom to move from one site to another â€Å"with a click of a mouse†. The internet seems to be the best alternative for consumers who are dissatisfied with the information presented by fashi on magazines. However, the impact is that this aspect of the internet-based fashion media is the death of print media (Keen 2008). Another important aspect of the online fashion media is the frequency of updating fashion consumers and the public in general. Whereas the print fashion magazines are issued once per month, the internet-based fashion media provides instant updates on fashion and trends in fashion. In fact, bloggers and online fashion magazines tend to compete with each other. They are trying to outdo each other based on who provides the highest rate and frequency of updating their customers (Telsa 2010). Customers feel satisfied when they get instant updates. It eliminates the time needed to wait for the monthly updates.  Digitalization of publishers is an issue that is inevitable in practice and discussion. Printers are feeling the need to ensure that they find a better way of interacting with their audience and responding to their requests. Most of the requests made by consumers include the desire to get instant updates on the current trends and information (Telsa 2010). Obviously, the print media cannot provide instant updates. Therefore, a consumer will have to wait for the next issue of a fashion magazine. With the availability of large information and updates on the internet, consumers are compelled to migrate to the digital media. Although this is a positive development for both consumers and the industry, a factor has contributed to the decline of the print fashion media. In fact, the desire to get timely updates has resulted into the migration from the print media to the digital media witnessed since 2000. Combined with other factors, it can be said to be one of the causes of the death of print media. Financial crisis and the impact on print media In addition to consumer behaviour, the frequency of economic problems in the modern world has contributed to the decline of the print media in the fashion industry (Clifford 2009). According to Brook (2009), the 2008-2010 global economic crises affected the print media. For instance, the number of fashion magazines printed in 2009 decreased significantly. In addition, companies such as Vogue decided to increase the amount of information in their online publication due to the decreasing rate of reading in their print versions (Telsa 2010). In fact, it has been shown that some of the companies have decided to encourage online reading as a way of tackling the competition they face from independent bloggers, who have now assumed the role of fashion journalists (Clifford 2009). Conclusion In the fashion industry, print magazines have dominated the channels of fashion communication since 1670s. Therefore, print fashion magazines have become a popular culture in the world. However, the culture is experiencing technological changes. It is evident that the print media is slowly dying and its place taken by digital fashion media. A range of factors has contributed to the progressiv e death of print fashion media. For instance, the digital migration has been motivated by the recent economic crisis, the easiness of information searching and communication provided by the internet, the availability of a wide volume of information, bulkiness of print media and the recent economic crisis. References Albertazzi, D Cobley, P, 2010, â€Å"The Media: an Introduction†, Harlow: Pearson Bailey, LR Seock, YK, 2010, â€Å"The relationship of fashion leadership, fashion magazine content and loyalty tendency†, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 39-57. Barker, C, 2000, â€Å"Key concepts in cultural studies: Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. London: Sage. Blackman, L, 2006, â€Å"Inventing the psychological: Lifestyle magazines and the fiction of autonomous self†, London: Routledge Brook, S, 2009, â€Å"Style magazine i-D to scale back to six issues a year† Accessed from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/may/1 3/id magazine-six-issuesyear Clifford, S, 2009, â€Å"Prominent Magazines Lose Weight, Shedding Nearly Half Their Ads†, The New York Times, January 4, 2009, Accessed from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/05/business/media/05adco.html, Fiske, J, 1989, â€Å"‘Understanding popular culture†, London: Routledge Hill, DD, 2004, â€Å"As Seen in Vogue: A century of American fashion in advertising†, Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press Kansara, VA, 2009a, â€Å"Fashion 2.0: An Interactive Future for Fashion Magazines†, The business of fashion, Accessed from http://www.businessoffashion.com/2009/02/fashion-20-an-interactivefuture-for-fashion-magazines.html Kansara, VA, 2009b, â€Å"Future of fashion magazines, Part one- A changing landscape†, Accessed from http://www.businessoffashion.com/2009/07/future-of-fashion-magazines-part-one-achanging-landscape.html Keen, A, 2008, â€Å"The Cult of the Amateur: How blogs, MySpace, YouTube and the rest of to day’s user-generated media are killing our culture and economy†, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London Kondratiev, M, 2010, â€Å"First-ever fashion magazine was made for men by men†, Accessed from www.pravda.ru, http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/01-07-2010/114087-fashion_magazine-0/, Moeran, B, 2006b, â€Å"More than just a fashion magazine†, Current Sociology, vol. 54, no. 5, pp.725-744 Ovide, S Adams, R, 2009, â€Å"Magazine ads evaporated in 2008, faster as months went on†, The Wall Street Journal, January 15, 2009, Accessed from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123197955715583579.html Schroeder, JE, 2004, â€Å"Visual consumption in the image economy†, London: Prentice Hall. Stone, E, 2004, â€Å"The dynamics of fashion†, New York: Fairchild Storey, J, 1997, â€Å"An introduction to cultural theory and popular culture†, London: Prentice Hall. Storey, J, 2000, â€Å"Cultural theory and popular culture: An Introductionà ¢â‚¬ , London: Prentice Hall. Telsa, L, 2010, â€Å"How the Internet is changing the fashion industry in 2010†, Accesed 21 July 2013 This report on Trade Unions. Final Report on Industrial Relations was written and submitted by user Tal1sman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Impact Of Columbus On The Americas essays

The Impact Of Columbus On The Americas essays Christopher Columbus, (Christbal Coln), was originally believed to be the son of a Genoese weaver who grew up in poverty and rose to a position of honor in Renaissance society. Recent discoveries about Columbus's life lead us to believe that he was not Italian but rather from Barcelona, Spain. It is also believed that he was not the son of a weaver, but rather he was the illegitimate son of a Spanish aristocrat. This is a more reasonable explanation for how Columbus managed to marry Felipa Perestrello e Moniz, the daughter of a famous sea captain and one of the most influential families in all of Portugal, especially since marrying outside of your class was absolutely unheard-of (Source 1). Columbus's journeys to the Americas were undoubtedly a very important part of the America's history, however it is possible that Columbus had more of a negative than positive influence on the Americas. Columbus's initial journey brought him to the island of San Salvador. When he came to the shore he was greeted by what he called Indinos or Indians. He captured the Indians and decided that they were like children and that they could easily be converted to Christianity (Source 2). The Arawak Indians treated the Spanish as if they had some sort of divine power until the Spanish decided to steal gold and rape some of the tribeswomen. Columbus returned to Spain with five Indians and proposed more trips to convert heathens and find more gold. The Arawak decided to wage a war with the Spaniards. This war did not last long and the Arawak suffered a depressing defeat to the Spanish. This resulted in the enslavement of the remaining Arawak (Source 3). When Columbus returned to the A mericas he brought a fleet of 17 caravels (nearly eight times the people on the first voyage). This trend continued until many European nations were sending fleets of ships to establish colonies throughout the Americas (Source 4). ...

The Stanford Prison Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Stanford Prison Experiment - Essay Example Such a trend was mostly observed during the post war era, where researchers displayed a keen interest in deciphering human behaviour associated with the two traits mentioned above and understands the psychology of people who showed increased levels of conformity and obedience to their authorities. Such an observation was primarily based on the Nazi concentration camps and the likes, where despite the immorality of the acts, people were seen to be submissive and obeying the orders given to them (Kassin, Fein, Markus, 2010; Smith, Mackie, 2000; Fiske, 2009). Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment: This experiment was conducted to study the psychological impact of prison life on the prisoners. As a part of this experiment, regular students were selected to perform the roles of prison guards and prisoners and were made to go through the exact same routines, as is usually observed in prisons. Newspaper advertisements were formally given out to invite ‘participants’ to p articipate in the experiment, and those who responded were ‘arrested’ without a prior warning and made to go through a thorough physical examination, similar to one carried out on real criminals. Such sudden and unexpected ‘arrests’ of the regular college going students, took them by surprise and the students were reported to experience mild shock, and humiliation due to the whole exercise (prisonexp.org, 2011). The experiment was deliberately designed to imitate the scenes from real prisons and steps were taken to disgrace the prisoners, thus resulting in a series of negative social, emotional, and psychological repercussions. The study, unlike other experiments followed all the major ethical considerations, and did not involve any kind of deception or tricks, it received widespread criticism for the unethical nature of the study. This was mainly because of reports of the participants being made to go through extreme social, psychological and emotional tur moil and the fact that they were deliberately exposed to situations involving high amount of stress. The proponents have argued that the experiment conducted were ethical in nature, since the participants were clearly informed about the type of study they have enrolled in. However, the opponents and critics have stated that the information provided to the participants was incomplete in nature, as their consent was taken based on insufficient data. The participants of this study were arrested without a prior warning or information which was least expected leading to stress and emotional turmoil (Shaugnessy et al., 2006). There were widespread criticisms regarding the authenticity and validity of the experiments conducted, especially with regard to the manner in which the study was replicated. It was argued that there is no way to replicate a real prison and hence highly impossible to extract similar reactions from ordinary individuals, since there is a vast amount of difference betwe en regular college going students and hardened criminals. Over and above the questions regarding the plausibility of the study, there were serious concerns regarding the credibility of the study as well, since critics argued that the study was highly generalized in nature and the observations could easily have been made by observing / studying the prisoners from Nazi concentration camps. Also, the study aimed to completely imitate the behaviour of prisoners from popular prison scenes and hence there was a

Developing a Conservation Plan for Pinery Park in Ontario, Canada Essay

Developing a Conservation Plan for Pinery Park in Ontario, Canada - Essay Example The management plan of the park should consider the region that surround the park in general. The overall effort of the management will be of future benefit to the parks and the surrounding environment as a whole. Proper management of the park will highly contribute to the increase in the social tact among the local programs. The realization of conservation goals for Pinery Park requires strategic plans for easier management of the whole landscape that includes the areas that are set aside for either production or protection. Reserves alone are not sufficient for life conservation but they are the real basis mostly on which national plans are constructed on. Reserves have two main roles. They should be the real sample or either they should represent the biodiversity of every section. On the other hand they should detach this biodiversity from any of the processes that intimidate its diligence. Existing reserve systems like the PINERY Park contains prejudiced sample of biodiversity, u sually that of remote places and other areas that are unsuitable for viable activities. A more systematic approach to locating and designing reserves has been evolving and this approach will need to be implemented if a large proportion of today's biodiversity is to exist in a future of increasing numbers of people and their demands on natural resources. The extent to which the park will achieve and fulfill its goals is when they meet two main objectives that will lead them to their success the objectives are a long-lasting goal and representativeness these are the two main keys that are needed for full variety of biodiversity. The Pinery park management needs to set 1.2million dollars. The money should be allocated to a control program that will see different species in the park that require different amounts of space to complete their life cycle. A finding of the most reserves in the world clearly indicates that most of the worlds well known reserves contain very rear species. that would not persevere as inhabitants even for a single generation if in any case or to some extent they became secluded like for the oak tree that is found in the park. This tree is not found in most parts of the world the demand of the products is endangering the species making it rear in the forests. Many other reserves, without supplementation by unreserved habitat, would be likely to lose species in the long term through a variety of chance events. Thus, the long-term persistence of some taxa requires sustainable populations across entire landscapes or regions as predicted. Many species exploit chronological dissimilarity by moving between dissimilar habitats, requiring targets to distinguish key habitat combinations where these can be identified. The focal species approach attempts to amalgamate patterns and processes by identifying those species in a landscape that are most demanding of resources and then targeting them for organization. The kinds of resources needed by crucial species may be, for example, big areas, connectivity flanked by environment patches and multifaceted assorted habitats. However the other confronts that the park need to look at is the protection of river Ausable. The area around the river is currently being occupied slowly making the shows to deteriorating since the occupants are using the land for housing. This river is the

Project Part #2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Part #2 - Coursework Example The enthusiastic employees who are ready to get involve with the programme will be further motivated through explaining the positive outcome of the programme. Once they are motivated, they can make the other employees understand the benefits of the programme. As per the human psychology, employees are more relax and comfortable conversing with their colleagues in comparison to their supervisors or boss. Even before starting of this programme, I will allow the employees to have few informal sessions among them in my absence. Apart from this, I will conduct a session where a few real life success stories of this programme will be discussed along with the positive changes that might actually happen with them. I have a strong belief that this session will be fruitful and a positive response from the employees can be noticed in due course of time. Wellness programmes always have major impact on the employees. It not only enables the employees to increase their productivity but also it helps to make them happier and healthier. Even disease prevalence rate will also get lower. Through this programme, the extrinsic motivation will change into the intrinsic motivation and thus employee’s self perceived quality of life and quality of health will also experience change. Basically intrinsic motivation creates win-win situation for both the employees and the organisation and that can be possible through the activity that can provide intrinsic benefits to the employees. Wellness programme make the employees self motivated and they want to do the job by their own and not by force. It will lower the medical cost; employees can become stress free, gain physical fitness, increase stamina and improved mental health. All these factors enable the employees to lead a better work life. Also, these intrinsic benefits have an impact on th e productivity of the employees which will further lead to various rewards and incentives that can be clubbed under the category of extrinsic benefits